Glossary

Of the coins not locked in stakes — the liquid supply — how many actually sit inside liquidity pools, ready to trade.  The two halves are both read from the chain: the liquid supply is the HEX contract’s own totalSupply (staking burns the principal out of it, so total supply is the liquid side), and the pool figure sums each discovered pool’s HEX balance — on PulseChain across PulseX and the other DEXs, on Ethereum across the Uniswap pools the factory contracts themselves name.

Measured 2026-08-31: about 1.2% of liquid HEX (≈0.63B of 52.4B) and about 1.5% of liquid eHEX (≈0.86B of 58.2B) sit in pools.  Said plainly: for every 100 liquid coins, roughly 1 or 2 are working in pools and the other 98–99 rest in wallets — and that is after staking has already locked away over 90% of everything allocated.  The figure is a floor, not a census: a pool no aggregator lists and no factory query covers goes uncounted, and an honest floor beats a guessed completeness.

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under Wrench Attack.

A list of 12 or 24 words that encodes your wallet’s master key — write the words down, in order, and you can restore every account the wallet controls on any compatible device.  The format is the BIP39 standard, widely supported by most crypto hardware wallets.

12-word backups are default for Trezor Model T and older Trezor Safe 3 (before June 2024); 24-word backups are default for Trezor Model One.  See Wallet Backup for how to store the words safely.

A list of 20 words that encodes your wallet’s master key — like the 12/24-word format, writing them down lets you restore everything, but this newer SLIP39 standard adds flexible options: Single-share or Multi-share (splitting the secret across several word lists).

Single-share is default for Trezor Safe 5 and Trezor Safe 3 (from June 2024); Multi-share is optional on all SLIP39-supported devices.  See Wallet Backup for how to store the words safely.

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under Authentication.

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under Communis (COM).

Turning wallets into programmable 'smart accounts' instead of simple key-controlled accounts — enabling features like paying gas in any token, social recovery, batched actions, and spending limits. Delivered via ERC-4337 (no protocol change needed) and EIP-7702 (letting ordinary accounts temporarily act as smart accounts). It is a major user-experience goal of Ethereum's roadmap.  PulseChain: see ERC-4337 — the standard ports, the surrounding infrastructure is Ethereum-first

A delegated stake accrues HEX rewards daily, and the extractable-HTT balance grows with it — so instead of one payout at maturity, periodically mint and sell the newly accrued HTTs as rolling income from a stake that stays locked.  Full entry, strategy M6, on the Actuator Strategies page.

Interest that builds up over time even when nothing is paid out yet. With traditional zero-coupon bonds, tax authorities may tax this unpaid 'phantom' interest each year. HEX rewards similarly accrue daily inside a stake, growing the value an HTT can be minted against.

The shares belonging to a stake that is still running — started, not yet ended.  They are what earn each Daily Payout, and they are the quantity Communis reads (without touching) to size its bonuses.  When the stake ends, its shares leave the pool and the remaining stakers’ slices grow.

ACTR is the native reward and revenue-sharing token of the Actuator protocol — the official docs describe it as “the revenue sharing token for Actuator.”  It is not a governance token: the contracts are immutable with no admin keys, so there is nothing for holders to vote on.  It has a fixed maximum supply of 1,000,000,000 tokens. 75% is allocated to liquidity mining (farming); the remaining 25% (250,000,000) was minted to the team address in a single transaction on 2024-10-07, two days before farming began, of which 19% (190,000,000) was moved to a TimeLock contract — it has released twice, 157,067 ACTR on 2024-10-09 and 83,316,819 ACTR on 2025-09-19, and holds 106,526,114 ACTR (measured on-chain 2026-09-15) — 47,300,000 funds ACTR liquidity management, and 1% (10,000,000 ACTR) went at launch to “The Forge” — an airdrop for protocol reviewers and Forge-NFT holders.

Users earn ACTR primarily by providing liquidity for specific HTT/HEX pairs on PulseX (the main DEX on PulseChain) and then staking those LP tokens into Actuator’s MasterChef-style farms.  The farms are structured around six fixed maturity pools spaced 1,000 days apart — see Farm (Actuator) for the pool list and which currently carry weight.

In addition to trading fees from the LP position, farmers receive ACTR emissions.  (The 1% mint fee is a separate stream: it goes pro-rata to ACTR deposited in that maturity’s vault, not to farmers.)

Deposit ACTR into a per-maturity vault and receive a pro-rata share of the 1% fee charged on every mint of that series, paid in HTTs — protocol revenue share, and the income leg that outlives the three-year farm schedule.  Full entry, strategy V1, on the Actuator Strategies page.

The protocol this entire site documents: an immutable system on PulseChain that turns locked HEX stakes into tradable time-dated claims.  Wrap a stake as an HSI, delegate it to the HEXTimeTokenManager, and mint HTTs — each redeemable 1:1 for HEX at its maturity date — against the stake’s extractable value.  Around that core: farms reward HTT/HEX liquidity with ACTR, and vaults route the 1% mint fee to vaulted ACTR.  No admin keys, contracts audited and fixed at deployment; live on PulseChain since 2024.  Start with How Actuator Works, go deep with the Manual.

Your public identity on an EVM chain: 42 characters starting 0x, derived from your private key.  The same key produces the same address on every EVM chain — which is exactly how PulseChain’s full-state copy could hand every Ethereum address its copied balances: your address already existed there.  PulseChain: identical format, same address space.

Thieves dust your wallet with tiny transactions from lookalike addresses engineered to match the first and last four characters of addresses you actually use — betting you will copy one from your transaction history.  Defense: never copy addresses from history, keep a verified address book, and compare middle characters too.  Part of the last-ten-seconds discipline in the Security Guide.

HEX’s launch-phase distribution: for the first 350 days, anyone could send ETH into a daily Transform Lobby and receive that day’s allotment of HEX pro-rata with everyone else in the lobby — each day’s allotment was a 1/350 slice of the free-claim HEX still unclaimed that day, so allotments shrank as more BTC holders claimed.  Crowded days meant fewer HEX per ETH; quiet days meant more.  Together with the Bitcoin Free Claim it was how the initial supply entered circulation — the contract dispensed the HEX, while the ETH sent in was forwarded to a fixed flush address written into the code, a fact central to the SEC’s later ‘recycling’ allegation (see Richard Heart vs. the SEC — allegations that were never proven).

A distribution method where free tokens or coins are sent to users' wallets. Often based on criteria like holding a particular cryptocurrency or participating in a community.

WARNING: Many airdrops promoted on social media or appearing in transaction history are scams designed to steal funds or personal information.  PulseChain’s launch is often called the biggest airdrop ever, but strictly nothing was sent: the full-state copy simply reproduced every balance — see Copied Tokens for why that distinction matters

The All-in Rank is the live leaderboard panel on Chrispy’s HexFire.io that measures wallets by T-Share Years rather than raw T-Share count.  Paste any addresses in and it reports the stakes’ remaining earning life as T-Share Days — divide by 365.25 for T-Share Years — on both Ethereum and PulseChain.

The name is a double play: it honors Mati Allin, who coined the metric it displays — and his name itself plays on “all-in,” fully invested, which is exactly what the panel measures: how much of your future is committed, and for how long.  Concept by Mati Allin with his developer FutureUs; data engineering by Chrispy (HexFire).  Credit, not endorsement.

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under Token Approval (Allowance).

Any cryptocurrency other than Bitcoin, such as Ethereum, Solana, or Ripple. Altcoins represent alternative blockchain projects offering modifications or improvements over Bitcoin's original design.

The mechanism decentralized exchanges like PulseX use to price trades — instead of an order book, a formula (commonly x × y = k) sets prices from the ratio of assets in a pool. It lets HTTs and HEX be swapped instantly, around the clock, with no counterparty needed.

Repaying a debt in instalments that mix interest and principal, so the balance shrinks across its life — a mortgage is the everyday case, and amortizing bonds work the same way.  The opposite is a bullet repayment, where the entire principal lands on the final day.  HTTs are bullets: nothing comes back until maturity, and then all of it does.  The word carries a second, accounting sense — writing a discount or premium down over time — which for a zero-coupon instrument is the same movement as Pull to Par.

Amplification (also called recursive staking) is an advanced Actuator strategy for increasing your T-Share exposure without adding new outside capital.  The core loop is: stake HEX → mint HTTs against that stake → swap the HTTs for HEX on the market → restake the HEX → repeat.

Each pass locks up more HEX and mints more T-Shares.  You accept a lower overall APR in exchange for a larger T-Share count (“little HEX printers”) acquired at today’s T-Share rate, and greater long-term upside.

Amplification is most favorable when an HTT is trading rich — overpriced, meaning a smaller discount to HEX than its benchmark for that maturity (occasionally even at or above 1:1).  Selling an overpriced HTT returns more HEX to restake.  This is the mirror image of buying cheap (discounted) HTTs for a fixed return.

Example from a HexFire walk-through: 1,000,000 HEX amplified into four stakes produced about 138.5 T-Shares, versus about 66 from a single stake.  Results are conditional — you cannot always “double” your HEX; the outcome depends on the HTT price and liquidity depth.

See the Manual, Chapter 12 for the full strategy — and see strategy M7 on the Actuator Strategies page.

Two ways to express an annual return. APR (Annual Percentage Rate) is the simple yearly rate; APY (Annual Percentage Yield) includes the effect of compounding, so it is usually a bit higher. Handy for comparing HEX staking, ACTR farming, and other yields on equal terms.

Profiting from the same thing priced differently in two places — buy where it is cheap, sell where it is dear, and in doing so drag the prices together.  It is the quiet force that keeps the HTT yield curve coherent: when one series drifts out of line with its neighbors, curve traders close the gap (Mean Regression Trading, and the Curve Table on Charts is where such gaps show).  On thin pools the honest caveat is transaction reality: fees and slippage eat small edges, which is why visible ‘free money’ on a ^$2,000 pool usually is not.

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under Gas Floor.

Cross-protocol arbitrage: HSIs sell at deep discounts on the illiquid Hedron/Icosa auction market, and Actuator gives those "stuck" stakes a real bid — delegate an auction-won HSI and mint HTTs to recover most of the extractable value (see the HEX HELOC’s extraction ratios).  Full entry, strategy S4, on the Actuator Strategies page.

A paid review of a contract’s source by a security firm, hunting for exploitable flaws before (ideally) launch.  What it gives you: expert eyes, a published findings list, and accountability about what was and wasn’t fixed.  What it does NOT give you: a guarantee — audited protocols have been drained, and an audit says nothing about tokenomics, team honesty, or market risk.  This site’s convention when citing audits (Actuator’s two security audits, Maximus’s SourceHat report, Communis’s CertiK assessment): name the firm, date it, link it, and say plainly that a listing is not an endorsement.  Read findings yourself; unresolved items matter more than the badge.

A way to prove your identity when logging in to an online account. With Trezor, you can use the device as a form of two-factor authentication (2FA) via FIDO2 or U2F standards, confirming logins by physically approving them on your hardware wallet.  The crypto twist: 2FA protects accounts (email, exchanges, your password manager) — it does nothing for a self-custody wallet, which has no login to protect; see the Security Guide for where it matters and why SMS codes are the weakest form (SIM Swap).

The social-engineering script that borrows the state’s clothes: a badge at your door, or a call from the ‘FBI,’ ‘IRS,’ or ‘Europol’ — your funds are ‘part of an investigation’ and must be moved to a ‘secure government wallet’ for safekeeping.  The unbreakable rule: no agency, anywhere, takes custody by having you send crypto — that request is the entire scam, and it especially hunts older holders.

The procedure: comply physically, never lie (that part is real law) — but verify the badge like a URL: get the name and office, then call that office yourself at a number you look up, never one they give you.  A real agent expects verification and waits; only an impostor pressures against it — urgency is the same tell as every other script.  Real seizures arrive as paperwork through lawyers, not surprises on a sidewalk, and ‘I want to speak with a lawyer’ costs a real case nothing.  Report impersonation at ic3.gov — and ask the harder question afterward: how did they know to pick you?  (See the five scripts.)

Two alternatives to a Bond Ladder’s even spread across dates.  A bullet puts everything at one maturity, which suits money that is needed on a known day.  A barbell splits it between very short and very long and holds little in the middle: the near end keeps cash reachable, the far end reaches for yield, and the mix can be tuned to the same Duration as a bullet while behaving differently when the curve changes shape.  With HTTs all three are the same single decision — which maturities to hold — because every series is a dated claim on the same HEX.

The shortest Maximus Perpetual: rolling 369-day pooled HEX stakes.  Its first period ran September 2022 to October 2023, ending with about 1.125 HEX behind each BASE.  Because it reloads yearly, BASE is the family’s revolving door — the pool people use when they want pooled-stake yield without a decade of commitment — and its 369-day rhythm is what TEAM staking periods are synchronized to.

One hundredth of a percentage point.  100 bp is 1%, and a yield moving from 4.25% to 4.50% has moved 25 bp.  Bond desks count in basis points because bond outcomes are decided in small increments and “a quarter point” is ambiguous where “25 bp” is not.  The unit carries straight over: two HTT maturities quoted at 18.4% and 19.1% sit 70 bp apart, and that gap is what a curve trade tries to capture.  On this site a basis point always means yield unless it says otherwise — price is quoted in HEX.

The coordination layer of a Proof-of-Stake chain: it registers validators, assigns duties, tallies attestations, and finalizes what the execution layer produced.  PulseChain: runs its own beacon chain with its own validator set — two maintained consensus clients, Prysm-Pulse (the recommended one) and Lighthouse-Pulse — independent of Ethereum’s from the moment of the fork.

Primary issuance — you originate the paper others trade.  On this site the play is documented — with dated observations and its honest caveats — as strategy C3, New-Maturity Issuer.  Full entry on the Actuator Strategies page.

The gap between the highest price a buyer will pay and the lowest a seller will accept.  It is the cost of changing your mind: buy at the ask, sell straight back at the bid, and the spread is what was lost without the price moving at all.  An order-book exchange quotes the spread directly.  An AMM has no book, so the same round-trip cost shows up as the swap fee paid twice plus the price impact of your own trade in both directions — wide in a shallow pool, narrow in a deep one.  For HTTs that makes the effective spread a property of the pool rather than of the maturity, which is why Liquidity treats depth as the first thing to look at.  Slippage is a different cost: the spread is what a round trip charges, slippage is the gap between the price expected and the price filled.

A one-time bonus paid on HEX day 352 (November 19, 2020 — community counts, which run one day higher, often call it day 353) to everyone staked across it.  Everything left unclaimed went to stakers that day, weighted by shares: all the HEX that Bitcoin holders never claimed through the Free Claim — including the share attributable to Satoshi’s untouched coins (We Are All Satoshi) — plus ‘Viral’ and ‘Critical Mass’ adoption bonuses that scaled the payout up with how many BTC holders had claimed.  A launch-era event: it shaped early staking behavior and is history now, not a recurring payout.

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under Big Pay Day (BPD).

A second, smaller share bonus for stake size: the more HEX in a single stake, the more shares per coin, scaling up to +10% at 150 million HEX.  Compare Longer Pays Better, which is far more powerful (up to +200%): the contract values time much more than size.

A decentralized digital currency that enables peer-to-peer transactions without a central authority. Uses Proof-of-Work consensus where miners validate transactions and secure the network.

At launch (December 2019), anyone holding Bitcoin could claim free HEX by proving ownership of a BTC address from the launch snapshot — about 10,000 HEX per BTC, adjusted by two dampers: claims shrank the later they came in the 350-day window, and very large claims were trimmed by the Silly Whale Penalty.  Claiming cost nothing but a signature, and claiming early earned a speed bonus of up to 20% — but the claimed HEX was not fully liquid: 90% of every claim was automatically staked for 350 days, with only 10% arriving spendable.  Unclaimed coins ultimately flowed to stakers on the Big Pay Day.

Approving a transaction whose contents your hardware wallet cannot render meaningfully — the device shows raw data and asks for faith.  Sophisticated thefts are engineered around exactly this moment.  Keep blind signing disabled; enable it only for a specific, verified interaction, then disable it again.

A large, temporary chunk of data attached to a block (introduced by EIP-4844) that Layer-2 rollups use to post their data cheaply. Blobs are automatically deleted after about 18 days — long enough to verify, short enough to keep nodes light — and they are the reason rollup fees fell sharply in 2024.  PulseChain: blobs serve rollups, and PulseChain has none — no equivalent need (Dencun Upgrade)

A group of transactions added to the blockchain together. Each block links to the previous block with a cryptographic hash, forming an unbroken chain.

In Bitcoin, a new block is added about every 10 minutes.  PulseChain: same structure, produced every 10 seconds instead of Ethereum’s 12 (Block Time)

An online tool that allows users to view and search the contents of a blockchain, including transactions, blocks, wallet balances, and network statistics.  The two used throughout this site: scan.pulsechain.com for PulseChain and Etherscan.io for Ethereum

The number of blocks added to the blockchain since the genesis block. Used to track blockchain growth, reference transaction confirmations, and measure network progress.

The amount of cryptocurrency awarded to a miner for successfully adding a new block. Comprises newly minted coins and transaction fees.

The amount of data a block can hold. Bitcoin has a 1 MB limit. Larger blocks allow more transactions but increase storage and network requirements.

How often the chain adds a block — the heartbeat that sets confirmation speed.  Ethereum targets 12-second slots.  PulseChain: 10-second blocks, one of the few parameters it tuned rather than copied.

A public record of transactions stored as a chain of blocks. Each new block is linked to the previous one using cryptography, making the history secure and immutable.

A framework for how blockchains balance three properties: decentralization, security, and scalability. Improving one often weakens another.

An investing strategy of holding bonds that mature on staggered dates, so cash frees up periodically and risk is spread across time. You can build the same thing with HTTs by holding several maturities at once — say HTT-3000, HTT-4000, and HTT-5000, each bought at its own discount.  As each HTT series matures, redeem for HEX and, if you want the ladder to roll forward, reinvest the proceeds into a new far HTT series (when 3000 pays out, buy the cheapest far-dated series) — the ladder then keeps paying out at roughly 1,000-day intervals indefinitely.  The HEX-stake version of the same idea is a Staking Ladder — stakes you own and must end, versus tokens you can also sell mid-series.  Ladder variations are on the Strategies page.

The short list of sites worth reaching only by bookmark — because a bookmark you verified once is immune to the three roads that lead to fake sites: typos, look-alike domains, and poisoned search results.  The rule: verify every address yourself before saving it.  Never trust a search result (paid ads impersonating crypto sites are a documented theft vector); confirm the exact spelling on the official project website and its official social-media posts, cross-reference everything, then type the address yourself — once, carefully — and bookmark what loads.  From then on, the bookmark is the only road (see Bookmarks-Only Navigation).

The starter list — each line shows the exact address, character for character:

https://actuator.finance
https://docs.actuator.finance
https://hexbonds.com
https://hex.com
https://go.hex.com
https://app.icosa.pro
https://communis.app
https://pulsechain.com
https://ipfs.scan.pulsechain.com
https://bridge.pulsechain.com
https://pulsex.com
https://app.piteas.io
https://pulsechainstats.com
https://revoke.cash
https://internetmoney.io
https://provex.com
https://ledger.com
https://trezor.io
https://thepulsetube.com
https://techlore.tech

Read each one letter by letter against what your browser shows before saving — that one minute is the entire defense.  For contract addresses (a different thing than websites), the verification source is the Manual’s Appendix A.

A core security program that runs during Trezor startup. Verifies the firmware digital signature to ensure it is trusted software from Trezor.

How quickly an HTT's ratio to HEX returns to its own channel after a move away from it, stated as a half-life in days: the time for half of any deviation to close. The channel is the series' rolling median ratio; a short half-life means spikes fade fast, a long one means the price wanders. Measured from daily closes on the HTT Bond Discounts table.

A tool that moves assets from one blockchain to another — for example, bringing tokens from Ethereum to PulseChain. Bridges expand what you can do across chains, but add their own smart-contract and custody risks to weigh.  One PulseChain-specific trap: bridging eHEX from Ethereum yields a wrapped token that is NOT the same asset as PulseChain’s native HEX — two different tokens, two different pools, easy to mix up.  The official bridge (bridge.pulsechain.com) labels bridged assets “[Anything] from Ethereum” — a naming convention that exists precisely to keep the two apart

The contract that actually holds a bridge’s crossings.  On the PulseChain bridge’s Ethereum side, deposits are ordinary token transfers INTO the mediator (it locks them) and exits are transfers OUT — so anyone can audit the bridge’s whole traffic by reading one address’s transfer log, no trust in a dashboard required.  Each side’s mediator names its twin on the other chain in its own code, and every bridge-minted token names its mediator — a chain of pointers you can walk instead of trusting a list.  Measured 2026-08-25: every major ERC-20 the official bridge carries crosses through one mediator pair; the live traffic is charted on The Bridge page

Permanently removing tokens from supply; the proof of a burn is that the token’s totalSupply goes down (a transfer to the zero address alone does not prove one).  Used to reduce supply or manage token economics.  Burns are everywhere in this ecosystem: staking HEX burns the principal until the stake ends, redeeming an HTT burns the token forever (which is how the redemption record is readable on-chain), and PulseX’s LP Buy and Burn burned PLSX from swap fees until 2026-08-28, when its public bounty burns were switched off.

The discount is your yield-to-maturity, captured by holding to redemption.  On this site the play is documented — with dated observations and its honest caveats — as strategy B1, Discounted HTT Held to Redemption.  Full entry on the Actuator Strategies page.

C3Works is a co-founder of the Actuator protocol.  Before crypto he spent his career in traditional finance — trading and sales for institutional bonds from the mid-1990s, on Wall Street through the 2008 financial crisis — until he left the bond market in 2017 for crypto full-time.  That background is Actuator’s blueprint: the protocol deliberately rebuilds the structure of a bond market for HEX.

In his words: “What we believe we’re going to see happen is that HEX, as a native asset — as a reserve asset for this ecosystem — will have an emerging yield curve unfold, where the market measures what the discount rate is, or what the cost — the time value of money — is for each spot along the curve, all the way out.  And that’s much like what we have in, say, traditional markets with the Treasury yield curve.  The fact that we have such a curve is a backbone of traditional finance, because it’s a reliable, market-based ruler on which you can build your financial house.” — Degen Roundtable, Dec 18, 2024

A callable bond lets the issuer buy it back early, typically after rates fall and it can refinance cheaper; the option belongs to the issuer, so callable bonds pay more.  A puttable bond hands the same right to the holder, who can give it back early; that option belongs to the buyer, so puttable bonds pay less.  HTTs are neither.  There is no issuer to call them and no counterparty to put them to, and the date cannot be moved by anyone.  The stake behind an HTT can be ended early by its owner (an EES), but not while HTTs are outstanding — the owner must retire every one of them first, so a holder’s maturity is never shortened by someone else’s decision.

Address format used by Bitcoin Cash (BCH) to improve readability and reduce errors. Includes a prefix (bitcoincash:) and different encoding from legacy Bitcoin addresses.

An exchange run by a company that holds customer funds while it matches buyers and sellers.  You deposit coins, the exchange credits a balance in its own database, and every trade after that moves numbers inside that database — nothing touches a blockchain until you withdraw.  That makes a CEX a custodial wallet with a trading screen attached: it holds the keys, so its solvency and its permission sit between you and your coins.  The DEX is the other shape — there the swap happens in a smart contract and the coins never leave your wallet.  PulseChain: exchange withdrawals are one of the doors money arrives through, measured and ranked beside the bridges and fiat ramps on the Bridges page

A new address automatically generated by your wallet to receive leftover funds from a transaction. Enhances privacy and is standard in UTXO-based networks.

A coupon bond’s quoted price (clean) leaves out the interest built up since the last coupon; the price actually paid (dirty, or invoice price) adds it back.  The convention keeps quotes from sawtoothing upward between coupon dates and dropping each time one is paid.  A zero-coupon instrument has no coupon dates, so clean and dirty are the same number — the price on the screen is the price paid.  For HTTs the only additions to that screen price are the swap fee and the trade’s own price impact, never accrued interest.

A malware class that silently replaces a copied crypto address with the thief’s as you paste.  Defense: re-read every address after pasting — and treat the hardware wallet’s screen as the only truth, because what it displays is what will execute, whatever the computer showed.  See Transaction & Signing Hygiene.

A feature that lets you choose which specific coins (UTXOs) to spend when making a transaction. Helps with fee optimization and privacy strategies.

In September 2021, HEX holder Ryan Cox filed a proposed class action in federal court in Arizona against CoinMarketCap, Binance.US, and Binance’s foreign parent and officers — Cox v. CoinMarketCap OpCo, LLC, No. 3:21-cv-08197 (D. Ariz.).  The complaint alleged that CoinMarketCap held HEX at rank #201 from September 2020 instead of ranking it by market cap, steering buyers away from HEX and holding its price down; by the complaint’s count, HEX’s market cap should have ranked it anywhere from 3rd to 6th.  The gap is a supply question: CoinMarketCap counted only unstaked HEX as circulating, while HEX’s own figures count staked HEX too.

The case so far: • February 2023 — the district court dismissed it for lack of personal jurisdiction. • August 12, 2024 — the Ninth Circuit revived it against CoinMarketCap and Binance.US, holding that the Commodity Exchange Act allows nationwide service, and kept the foreign Binance defendants out (the opinion). • February 17, 2026 — the district court dismissed the amended complaint with leave to amend. • August 26, 2026 — after a second amended complaint, the court dismissed CoinMarketCap with prejudice, sent the remaining claims against Binance.US to arbitration, and stayed the case until the arbitration ends (the order).

No court has ruled on HEX’s ranking itself: CoinMarketCap left the case on the pleadings, not on a finding about HEX.

Keeping keys that were generated offline and stay offline — a hardware wallet, or a seed that has never touched an internet-connected device.  Cold is about where the keys live, not which app displays the balance.

The working pattern is two tiers: a hot wallet holds pocket money and does the day-to-day signing, while a cold vault — a fresh wallet generated on the hardware device — only ever receives.  It never connects to a dApp, never signs, never grants an approval, so there is no live approval for a drainer to pull against and almost no surface to attack.  Moving long-term holdings there is genuinely worth the gas (fractions of a cent on PulseChain).  Quantum bonus: an account that never sends never reveals its public key — so a receive-only vault gives Shor’s algorithm nothing to attack (see the quantum section).

Two caveats.  A vault must be a new seed if you are escaping a possibly-exposed one — a new account under the same seed shares its fate.  And locked positions don’t follow: a native HEX stake cannot move at all, an HSI moves as an NFT once tokenized, and a delegated stake comes free only by retiring its HTTs — so set the vault up before building positions, not after.

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under Communis (COM).

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under Communis (COM).

Communis is a reward token for good HEX staking behavior — think of it as a loyalty program written into an immutable contract.  It never touches your stake: nothing is wrapped, nothing is custodied — the contract reads the HEX ledger (its only write into HEX is the same public Good Accounting call anyone can make) and lets you mint COM for doing the things HEX’s own design rewards — staking long and serving the full term.  No admin keys, no Origin Address, anonymous developer, contract source-verified on Etherscan, live on both chains since early 2023.

Five ways to mint, in plain terms.  Start Bonus: open a stake of 180+ days and claim 5–25% of your future End Bonus now — but claim promptly, because the payout shrinks as the global share rate moves past your stake’s (for a 365+ day stake served to term, whatever the Start Bonus missed comes back in the End Bonus — the shrinkage is only a true loss on shorter stakes).  End Bonus: the big one — serve a stake of 365+ days to term and mint up to 100% of the stake’s COM payout (the percentage scales with length, maxing at 5,555 days); it must be minted before you end the stake and within 37 days of the Stake End Day, and half of it accrues as ‘debt’ — a matching obligation, not a payment: mint 100 COM and 50 of it must sit staked until the debt clears.  Good Accounting Bonus: 1% of shares for tidying anyone’s stake that sits 38+ days overdue — the Communis version of Good Accounting.  Restake Bonus: roll into an equal-or-longer, equal-or-bigger stake and your next Start Bonus doubles.  Staking COM: staked COM earns 5% per year in COM, paid every 91 days — withdraw anytime, but you can only add to the COM stake while minting the other bonuses.

The honest ledger: supply is open-ended — every HEX stake ever started can mint more COM, so dilution is structural, and the yield is paid in more of the same token.  Markets are thin on both chains, the developer is anonymous, and the 37-day End-Bonus window is genuinely easy to fumble — miss it and the headline bonus is gone for that stake.  The project links a CertiK security assessment (skynet.certik.com/projects/communis, delivered January 2023, with one finding listed as unresolved) — review it yourself; a listing is not an endorsement.  Official app: communis.app.

The design vocabulary the project uses — each now a glossary entry of its own: a staking incentive layer distributed as a HEX-staker airdrop, claiming fair distribution with no admin keys and no Origin Address, reading active stake shares only, as a dual-chain token.

The ability of DeFi protocols to snap together like Lego bricks: because every contract is public, permissionless, and immutable, any protocol can build on any other without asking anyone.  The community phrase is ‘money legos’ — and the HEX ecosystem’s flagship example is the difference between a native stake and an HSI.

A native HEX stake is a brick glued to the table: bolted to one address, non-transferable, unusable as collateral — nothing can build on it, and it can never be converted.  Start the stake as an HSI instead and it is a true building block: transferable as a contract or PRC-721 NFT (sellable on any NFT market), usable as collateral, able to mint HDRN against its staked days, and delegatable to Actuator.  That one wrapper is why the rest of the tower exists.

The full stack, snapped together: stake HEX as an HSI (at stake-start) → delegate to Actuator → mint HTTs → pair HTT/HEX on PulseX → farm the LP tokens for ACTR → vault the ACTR for fee rewards.  Seven pieces from four independent protocols, each clicking into the last — none of them needed permission from the others to exist.  The honest counterweight: composability stacks risk exactly as fast as it stacks yield — every layer adds its own contract risk, and a wrapper can cost you what it does not carry forward (verified example: an HSI-wrapped stake can no longer mint Communis bonuses).  Compose deliberately, not maximally.

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under Composability.

Yield that earns yield of its own.  Inside a HEX stake, the HEX contract simulates compound yield with its always-ascending T-Share Rate.

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under Consensus Algorithm.

A method used by blockchain networks to agree on a single version of the ledger. Popular models include Proof of Work, Proof of Stake, and hybrid approaches.  PulseChain: Proof of Stake with its own beacon chain and validator set — independent of Ethereum’s since day one

The unique on-chain address where a smart contract is deployed. Public and network-specific. Always verify from a trusted source before interacting.

The expected drift of an HTT’s price from its current discount up toward 1 HEX as its redemption day approaches.  At maturity, 1 HTT redeems for exactly 1 HEX — a right that never expires (see Redemption for the machinery that keeps the pool whole), so any remaining discount is captured as return.  Convergence is the source of an HTT’s fixed, HEX-denominated yield — buy at a discount, hold to maturity, redeem for full value on your own schedule.

A worked example: buy HTT-4000 at 0.80 HEX and redeem at 1.00, and you have turned every 0.80 HEX into 1.00 — a 25% return, denominated in HEX (what that is worth in dollars depends entirely on HEX’s own price, a separate bet).  The Yield to Maturity entry shows how to annualize it.  What enforces the drift is arbitrage, not a rule: as maturity nears, a token redeemable for 1 HEX in a few weeks that trades much below 1 is nearly free money, so buyers step in and close the gap.  The honest caveat is path risk — convergence binds only at maturity.  Before then the price can wobble or sag with market mood and liquidity, so a holder who must sell early may realize less than the discount promised.

Buying below redemption value inside the settlement window.  On this site the play is documented — with dated observations and its honest caveats — as strategy B4, Sub-Par Redemption.  Full entry on the Actuator Strategies page.

A bond the holder can convert into the issuer’s shares at a set ratio — part fixed income, part equity option, which is why it pays a lower coupon than a straight bond of the same credit.  It is a way to keep a floor while holding on to upside.  HTTs convert into HEX and nothing else, only on their own date.  There is no equity anywhere in the structure, no conversion into ACTR, and no ratio to negotiate — the entry is here so the absence is stated rather than assumed.

The curvature that Duration misses.  Duration says a bond’s price moves in a straight line against yield; the real line bends, so prices rise a little more when yields fall than they drop when yields rise by the same amount.  That bend is convexity, and it favors the holder: same duration, more convexity, better outcome in either direction.  Zero-coupon bonds have the most convexity available at a given maturity, because the whole value sits at one distant point instead of being spread across coupons — and HTTs, being pure zeros, inherit it.  In practice a far-dated HTT’s price reacts to a change in the market’s discount rate with a lopsidedness that runs the holder’s way.

The tokens duplicated by the full-state copy — often loosely called an airdrop, though nothing was sent; the balances simply existed on the new chain.  The crucial honesty: a copy carries none of the original’s backing.  Copied USDC is not redeemable for dollars; copied wrapped BTC holds no Bitcoin.  Value only appears where a market forms — which is exactly what happened with HEX on PulseChain, whose staking contract works identically on either chain because it never depended on off-chain backing.

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under Full-State Copy (Fork).

The regular interest a traditional bond pays its holder, quoted as a yearly rate of face value (a 4% coupon on a ^$1,000 bond pays ^$40 per year). HTTs have no coupon — like a zero-coupon bond, all of the return comes from the discount, not from ongoing payments.

A grade (from agencies like S&P, Moody's, or Fitch) for how likely a bond issuer is to repay — the risk of default. HTTs carry no issuer credit risk: they are backed by HEX locked on-chain and enforced by code. The trade-off is smart-contract and liquidity risk instead.

Crypto bonds are on-chain instruments that behave like bonds — a fixed maturity, bought at a discount, full value at the end — but are enforced by smart contracts rather than owed by an issuer (see Issuer: HTTs have none).  HEX Time Tokens (HTTs) on Actuator.Finance are the primary example of crypto bonds on PulseChain.

Like traditional bonds, HTTs have a fixed maturity date, trade at a discount to their face value (which represents the yield), and return the principal at maturity.  Unlike traditional bonds, HTTs are non-custodial (you hold your own keys), tradable anytime on PulseX, have no minimum investment, and require no brokerage account.

Learn more: Crypto Bonds Guide | Traditional Bonds vs HTTs | Crypto Bonds Comparison | Yield Without Banks

Self-custody’s greatest strength is its estate-planning nightmare: no company can recover your keys — including for your family, after you’re gone.  Exchanges have death-certificate processes; wallets have mathematics.  Every year real fortunes are lost not to thieves but to grief plus a missing plan.

What three shortcuts cost: a Seed Phrase in a will becomes readable by others (in many jurisdictions a will becomes a public court record in probate); a seed pre-shared with heirs takes on their security (their security becomes your security); and “they’ll figure it out” leaves heirs a riddle, and grieving heirs often hire “recovery services,” many of them scams aimed at them.  The core design is the letter of instruction — a sealed document that is worthless to a thief but sufficient for an heir: what exists (types, not amounts), where the backups live (location references, not contents), what device is involved, and a named, vetted helper.  It contains no secrets, and it is the one place that must record that a passphrase wallet exists — a seed-only plan hands your heirs the decoy.

Stronger: Shamir shares split across heirs and executor, meeting only at legitimate recovery.  Locked positions need their own honest line — HEX stakes and delegated HSIs have end dates, while HTTs are ordinary tokens that can be sent or sold on any day and, from maturity, redeem 1:1 for HEX with no deadline; heirs must not rush or pay anyone promising early access.  Rehearse once with a test wallet, update yearly, and take the letter to an estate professional — this is a key-management pattern, not legal advice.

Digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security and operates independently of a central bank. Bitcoin was the first implementation.

The practice of using mathematical techniques to secure information. In crypto, ensures confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of transactions through public-key cryptography, hashing, and digital signatures.

A monetary arrangement in which one asset is issued only against full reserves of another, and is convertible into it at a fixed rate on demand.  The classical form is a national one: the board holds reserves equal to 100%, or slightly more, of its monetary liabilities, set by law, and will exchange its notes for the anchor currency at the fixed rate for anyone who asks.  The peg does not hold because traders defend it — it holds because the redemption window is open and the reserves are actually there.

The modern authority on the design is Steve H. Hanke of Johns Hopkins, who has written the reference treatments (Currency Boards, Vol. 1: Theory and Policy, 2020) and, with Kurt Schuler, the standard practitioner literature on convertibility; the Johns Hopkins Studies in Applied Economics series carries the comparative survey of past currency-board constitutions.  Hanke has advised real implementations — among them Estonia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Ecuador’s dollarisation.  The intellectual root is older still: a fully reserved, freely convertible claim cannot trade far from its anchor, because anyone can buy it cheap and redeem it at par — the same arbitrage logic that keeps a stablecoin near a dollar.

Why the term belongs on this site.  An HTT is a currency board on HEX with a date on it.  Every HTT is fully collateralised by a delegated stake, and at its maturity date it is convertible 1:1 for HEX — 100% reserves, fixed rate, open window.  The one difference from a national board is the clock: before maturity the window is not yet open, so the market is free to price the wait, which it does as a discount.  That is the whole of the yield curve: a soft peg hardening into a fixed one as the date approaches.

It also explains the boundary in Heart’s Law.  A currency-board asset cannot be moved by the pool it trades in, because redemption absorbs unlimited quantity at the fixed rate — which is exactly why USDC, sitting in a large WPLS pool, measured a binding of −0.002 to WPLS over 300 days.  Shared liquidity binds tokens to each other; a currency board binds a token to something else entirely, and the board wins.

A bond’s annual coupon divided by its current price — the simplest yield measure and the least complete.  A ^$1,000 bond with a 5% coupon trading at ^$900 has a current yield of 5.56% (^$50 ÷ ^$900), which quietly ignores the ^$100 it also gains by redeeming at par.  A zero-coupon instrument has no coupon, so its current yield is zero and the measure is useless by construction.  That is why HTT yields are quoted two other ways instead: Yield to Maturity, which compounds, and Yield to Par, the plain yearly pace.

Treat the HTT series as a bond yield curve and trade relative mispricings between maturities: exit the one trading rich against its fair discount, enter the one trading cheap, and collect extra future-HEX units when prices normalize.  Full entry, strategy T2, on the Actuator Strategies page.

Trading one HTT maturity for another to express a view on the HEX yield curve rather than on HEX’s price.  Because all HTTs converge to 1 HEX at redemption, a trader can sell a relatively expensive maturity and buy a relatively cheap one.  A “steepener” mints/sells the long leg (e.g.  HTT-7000) to buy an underpriced short leg (e.g.  HTT-3000); a “flattener” does the reverse.  Also called maturity rotation.

A worked example: suppose HTT-3000 trades at 0.90 HEX and HTT-5000 at 0.70, and against this site’s fitted curve the 3000 looks cheap for its date while the 5000 looks rich.  A curve trader sells 5000s for HEX and buys 3000s; if the gap normalizes, the position is worth more HEX than it started with — without ever taking a view on HEX’s price.  “Rich” and “cheap” need a ruler: compare each series’ price to the fitted curve on the Charts page rather than eyeballing raw discounts.  And the edge must clear the tolls: a rotation is two swaps, each paying fees and price impact in pools that are often thin — small mispricings usually vanish into the round trip.  Related plays are on the Strategies page.

A wallet where a third party holds and manages private keys on your behalf. Offers convenience but introduces counterparty risk.

An HTT whose maturity is not one of the protocol’s standard round-number dates.  The Actuator interface supports the x000 maturities automatically, but the HEXTimeTokenManager accepts any future HEX day — minting directly against the contract creates series like HTT-5555 or HTT-7777, and the factory’s own registry shows dozens of such series exist on chain.

The trade-off is liquidity, and it is the developer’s own caveat: non-standard maturities may have no pool at all.  A custom-day HTT is only as sellable as the liquidity someone provides for it, and buyers have no automatic way to find a lone pool — this site’s LP Positions page measures every HTT and ACTR pool on PulseX and 9mm daily, which is one honest way to see whether a series has a market.  Redemption is unaffected: at maturity a custom-day HTT redeems 1:1 for HEX exactly like a standard one.

Use HTTs as the take-profit valve across market cycles without selling staked HEX: near a perceived top, mint the maximum from long stakes and sell into strength; in the bear, buy the now-cheaper HTTs back and retire them — stake intact, cycle spread pocketed.  Full entry, strategy M5, on the Actuator Strategies page.

Every day the HEX contract mints new coins — a pool sized at roughly 3.69% annual inflation — and divides it among all active stakes in proportion to their shares, adding in any penalties collected that day.  Yield accrues daily but is only minted into your wallet when the stake ends.  This payout stream is the ultimate source of the growth that lets Actuator stakes back more HTTs over time.

Ethereum's plan to massively scale data availability for rollups. Proto-danksharding (EIP-4844) was the first step, adding cheap, temporary 'blob' storage to blocks; full danksharding will expand this much further. More cheap data space means dramatically lower Layer-2 fees.

An organization governed by smart contracts and community voting. Members hold tokens representing voting power, and proposals execute programmatically once consensus is reached.

An application that runs on a decentralized network like a blockchain. Open-source, autonomous, and interacts with blockchain data for trustless execution.

DARVO stands for Deny, Attack, and Reverse Victim and Offender — a pattern named by psychologist Jennifer Freyd in 1997 to describe how someone responds when confronted about their own behavior.  They deny it happened, attack the person raising it, and then reverse the roles so the accused is now the injured party and the accuser is the real wrongdoer.

It turns up constantly in crypto, because accusation is cheap and reputation is the whole currency.  A project caught doing something indefensible rarely argues the facts; it questions the motives of whoever noticed, and within a day the argument is about the accuser instead.  Recognising the shape is useful precisely because it keeps you looking at the original question while everyone else has moved on to a different fight.

But it runs one way only.  DARVO describes a tactic once you already know what happened; it is not a test for finding out.  Reversed — “they are shouting the loudest, so they must be guilty” — it becomes unfalsifiable, and it convicts the one group with the best reason to shout: people who genuinely were harmed.  Both a scammer deflecting and a victim who just lost money are loud, angry and certain, and from outside they look identical.  The way through is the boring one: Due Diligence on the claim itself — who controls it, what backs it, what the dated numbers say — rather than character-reading the people arguing about it.

The guarantee that the data behind a rollup’s batches is actually published, so anyone can reconstruct the state and catch fraud — the quiet foundation under both rollup designs, and what blobs exist to make cheap.  PulseChain: with no rollup ecosystem, it has no equivalent need — its data lives on Layer 1 directly.

A PulseChain community figure best known for making home validating approachable: he runs the Validator Store, publishes free step-by-step validator tutorials and open-source setup scripts, and has become the person newcomers are pointed to when they say ‘I want to run my own validator.’  His argument, repeated across his materials, is the decentralization one: a chain whose validators live in thousands of homes is harder to capture than one whose validators live in three data centers.  Public presence: YouTube and X as @DavidFeder.  Independent site’s note: we document, we don’t endorse — his services are commercial and listed at Validator Store.

The rule for turning a stretch of time into a fraction of a year.  30/360 treats every month as 30 days and every year as 360; ACT/365 counts actual days against a fixed 365; ACT/ACT counts actual days against the actual year.  It sounds like bookkeeping and it moves money: the same bond under two conventions produces different accrued interest and a slightly different yield.  HEX removes the choice.  A HEX day is a fixed unit that ticks once a day for everyone, maturities are stated as day numbers rather than calendar dates, and the yields on this site count actual days over 365 — Yield to Par spreads the discount evenly over them, Yield to Maturity compounds it.

The distribution of power away from a central authority. In blockchain, control is distributed across a network of nodes, enhancing security, resilience, and transparency.

The roughly-10-year Maximus Perpetual — 3,696 days per period, a parameter fixed at deployment (documented in the SourceHat audit), first period ending around 2032.  The longest of the rolling pools (only the one-time MAXI at 5,555 days reaches further), and one of the six HEX-denominated assets in PHUX’s ‘Hex Time Complex’ basket alongside HTTs.

When a bond issuer fails to make its promised payments.  HTTs cannot default in the credit sense — the HEX backing is locked on-chain and reserved for redemption — but the honest version of that claim comes with a taxonomy of what CAN go wrong.  Smart-contract risk: code, not a borrower, is the counterparty, and code can have bugs.  Timing: the holder's redemption right never expires, and 1 HTT = 1 HEX at redemption, guaranteed 1:1 forever; from the fourth day after the redemption day anyone who ends a backing stake earns a bounty, full by the 13th, so the stakes are ended long before HEX's 14-day grace period runs out.  The escrow reserve and the community end-stake bounty it funds are what pay for that.  Full risk treatment: the Risks page.

Financial services built on blockchain that operate without intermediaries like banks. Replicates lending, borrowing, and trading using smart contracts on public blockchains.

Delegation is the process of transferring control of a Hedron HSI to the Actuator smart contract.  Once delegated, the protocol can calculate extractable value and mint HTTs against that stake.

The original owner keeps the beneficial rights to any unminted HEX (the HSI’s NFT is burned on delegation, and a new one is minted on revocation), but they temporarily give up the ability to early-end the stake or unwrap it until they retire (burn) all outstanding HTTs associated with that position.  Delegation can be revoked at any time by retiring the HTTs first.

This mechanism is designed to keep HTT accounting 1:1 and protect holders — a code-enforced protection, subject as always to smart-contract risk.

The Ethereum upgrade that introduced blob transactions (proto-danksharding) — cheap, temporary data space that cut rollup costs roughly tenfold.  PulseChain: blobs exist to serve rollups; with no rollup ecosystem, PulseChain has had no equivalent need — its low fees are native to Layer 1.

An exchange operating without a central authority, enabling peer-to-peer trading directly from users' wallets via smart contracts. Uses AMMs or order books.  PulseChain: the flagship is PulseX; every HTT price on this site comes from DEX pools there

Exploit the tight expected HTT/HEX trading band: outsized deviations are self-correcting.  Full entry, strategy B3, on the Actuator Strategies page.

A price below a bond's face value.  HTTs trade at a discount to their HEX redemption value — the further from maturity, the deeper the discount, but a deeper discount spread over more years can be a lower yield per year (on 2026-09-08, HTT-7000: 44.0% discount, 4.79% a year; HTT-3000: 18.2%, 14.9%).

The discount converts directly into an annualized yield once you account for time — the formula and a worked example are under Yield to Maturity.  What drives the size of the discount: time to maturity (the big one), the market’s demanded HEX-denominated return, and pool liquidity — a thin pool (under 9% of its round-thousand anchor) moves further on each trade.  The live discounts across all maturities are on the Charts page; the opposite condition is a Premium.

The rate that converts a future amount of money into what it is worth today; the answer is the present value.  A payment of ^$1,000 arriving in five years, discounted at 5% a year, is worth ^$784 now — and running the arithmetic backwards from a market price tells you what rate the market is using.  An HTT price is exactly that backwards run: 1 HEX on a known day, priced now, so the discount rate is read off the screen rather than assumed.  Every point on the Yield Curve is one of those readings, and Yield to Maturity is the same number stated as a return instead of a price.  Time Value of Money is the principle underneath; the discount rate is the number that puts a figure on it.

The core buyer strategy: swap HEX for HTTs trading below 1:1.  Full entry, strategy B1, on the Actuator Strategies page.

Providing liquidity into forced selling at panic prices.  On this site the play is documented — with dated observations and its honest caveats — as strategy B3, Dip Buying.  Full entry on the Actuator Strategies page.

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under Gas Floor.

The internet’s phonebook — the lookup that turns a site’s name (hexbonds.com) into the numeric address computers actually connect to.  Every visit to a site, a wallet’s pages, or an RPC gateway begins with one, and whoever answers the lookup decides where the traffic really goes.  Plain DNS travels unencrypted, so the path can read it — and answer it falsely (DNS spoofing).  Encrypted DNS (DoH / DoT) closes the reading-and-rewriting hole; filtering resolvers (Quad9, NextDNS, Cloudflare’s 1.1.1.2) go further and refuse to resolve names on known phishing blocklists, so the page never loads at all.  The trade-off: blocklists make mistakes, and a legitimate service swept into a threat feed simply stops existing on filtered networks while working everywhere else.  The full protection walk-through is in Security §5.b.

The risk of the same cryptocurrency being spent more than once before confirmation. Blockchain prevents this through validation and consensus mechanisms.

The malware-as-a-service kits behind most large-scale crypto thefts since 2023 (Inferno, Angel, Pink…).  A drainer never steals your keys — it phishes a signature: a fake site (often a paid search ad, a ‘claim’ page, or a compromised project account) asks you to sign what looks like a harmless login or approval, but the message is a Permit or setApprovalForAll that authorizes pulling your tokens later, gas paid by the thief.  Nothing moves at signing time — that is the design of the attack, not evidence of safety.  Defenses are habits: sign only on sites you reached by bookmark, read what the hardware wallet’s screen actually says before approving, refuse unlimited amounts, and sweep old approvals on a schedule — the last-ten-seconds discipline in the Security Guide.

A token whose contract lives on BOTH Ethereum and PulseChain — usually at the very same address, thanks to the full-state copy: HEX, Hedron, ICSA, the Maximus family, and Communis all are.  The mechanics are identical on each chain, but the two deployments are SEPARATE markets with separate prices and liquidity — the eHEX vs pHEX lesson, generalized.  Always know which chain’s version a pool is quoting.

Due diligence is the homework you do before trusting something with your money — the deliberate, unglamorous checking of facts before a decision, instead of after a loss.  The phrase comes from securities law: professionals are expected to exercise “due” (appropriate) diligence in verifying what they recommend, and the habit spread from law offices to everyday speech.

In practice it is a checklist, not a feeling: Who controls this?  What backs it?  What are the real numbers — size, liquidity, track record — and are they dated and sourced?  What happens when something goes wrong?  What do the critics say, and does anyone answer them?  Crypto compressed all of this into the slang DYOR (“do your own research”), which names the duty but not the method — due diligence is the method, and the seven-question version you can run on any project is written out on the Due Diligence page.

This site practices it in public: the Due Diligence page answers a professional’s checklist for HTTs with dated data — the live curve, pool depth, the redemption record, who controls what — and every claim traces to the Sources bibliography.

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under Sybil Attack.

A measure of how much a bond's price moves when interest rates change — longer duration means bigger price swings. Longer-dated HTTs behave similarly: their prices are more sensitive to shifts in the HEX yield curve than near-dated ones.

For zero-coupon instruments like HTTs there is one tractable fact: duration simply equals time to maturity.  That makes the magnitude easy to feel — a one-percentage-point shift in demanded yield moves an HTT with eight years left by roughly 8%, while the same shift moves a one-year HTT by only about 1%.  Far-dated series are where the volatility lives.

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under EES (Early End Stake).

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under Staking Incentive Layer.

An Early End Stake (EES) is ending a HEX stake before its scheduled end date.  HEX charges a real penalty for it: the penalty is figured on roughly half your committed term (with a 90-day minimum), so a very early exit can cut into principal, not just interest.  There is a floor to how far that can go, and it is the whole stake: when the computed penalty exceeds what the stake is worth, the contract takes the entire stake and stops there, and the staker receives nothing at all.  The event still reports the larger uncomputed figure, so the penalty a block explorer shows can be bigger than the penalty actually paid (measured on-chain 2026-08-27 across a full day of HEX stake ends).  The HEX community also calls it an “Emergency End Stake” — same abbreviation, same thing — but this site titles it “Early” deliberately: ending a stake early is a voluntary choice whose consequences are known in advance and written in code, not an unexpected emergency.  Where the penalty goes — and what it does to everyone else’s payouts and the T-Share rate — has its own entry: OA & Early End Stake.

In the Actuator context, EES becomes a specific risk during amplification.  If you mint HTTs whose redemption day falls far earlier than your stake’s actual end date, the protocol restricts how much you can extract, and you must repay (retire) those HTTs before the redemption day.  If you cannot, anyone may force an early end of the stake to honor the 1:1 HTT redemption — incurring the HEX early-end penalty.  Like all HEX penalties it is redistributed — half to remaining stakers, half to the OA

The original HEX, live on Ethereum since December 2019.  When PulseChain launched in May 2023 with a full-state copy, every eHEX holder automatically also held HEX on PulseChain.  The two have traded as separate assets with separate prices ever since — see eHEX vs pHEX.

Same code, same staking rules, different chains, different prices.  Since the 2023 fork the two markets have moved independently — most staking activity migrated to PulseChain where gas is cheap enough to make frequent stake management practical.  The subtle trap: a bridged eHEX on PulseChain and the native HEX are different tokens; know which one a pool is quoting before you trade (HEX on PulseChain covers the split in full).

An Ethereum Improvement Proposal is the formal design document used to propose changes to Ethereum — new features, standards, or processes. Each gets a number (e.g., EIP-1559) and moves through stages: Draft → Review → Last Call → Final (or becomes Stagnant or Withdrawn). Categories include Core (consensus/protocol changes), Networking, Interface, ERC (application standards like tokens), and Meta/Informational. Because PulseChain is a fork of Ethereum, it inherits most Ethereum EIPs and their standards — which is why HEX, ACTR, and HTTs behave as ERC-20-style (PRC-20) tokens.  PulseChain: consumes EIPs second-hand by design: each lands only after shipping and surviving on Ethereum — giving up first-mover status in exchange for battle-tested code

An Ethereum change from the 2025 upgrade that lets an ordinary address hand its control to a smart contract with one signature.  Thieves use it: a “smart account upgrade” request can give away every token on the address.  PulseChain has not adopted it — its blocks still follow the Shanghai rules — but the same seed opens the same address on Ethereum.

A disposable forwarding address that delivers to your real mailbox — one unique alias per service.  In crypto security it is a tripwire three ways: a phishing email arriving at the wrong alias exposes itself instantly (a ‘Ledger’ notice sent to your exchange-only address is fake by definition); a breach announces exactly which service leaked; and a burned alias is deleted without touching your real account.  Private providers bundle alias systems; the full email strategy is in the Security Guide.

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under EES (Early End Stake).

Ending a stake is how you get your HEX back.  When you staked, the contract burned your coins and gave you shares; when you end the stake, it mints your principal back plus every day of yield those shares earned.  End on time — on or shortly after your Stake End Day — and you receive exactly what you earned.  End early and the Early End Stake penalty applies; wait too long past the grace period and the late penalty starts eating the payout.  The word ‘unstaking’ means the same thing — the HEX contract calls it ending a stake.

Protocol-native bounty income: when a delegated staker with HTT debt fails to end their matured stake, anyone may end it for them — and an escalating slice of the escrow — the rewards of the stake’s last 10% of days — pays whoever executes it.  Full entry, strategy C4, on the Actuator Strategies page.

The reward paid to whoever ends a delegated stake that its owner left running past an HTT maturity — the machine that fills the redemption pool without anyone’s goodwill.  Verified in the HEXTimeTokenManager’s deployed source (2026-08-12): from the redemption day anyone may end the stake; the subsidy is zero for the first 3 days after maturity; from the fourth day it grows by tenths — one-tenth of its maximum per day late — reaching full size 13 days past maturity.  It is paid from the stake’s escrowed rewards, never from HTT holders’ collateral.

The unlocked HEX then flows by strict priority, written plainly in the contract’s own comments: the ender’s subsidy first, HTT holders second, the stake’s creator last — the waiting holder outranks the stake’s own owner.  Whoever ends the stake receives the bounty, the HTT holders’ pool receives the HEX tokens for user redemption, and the remaining HEX is paid to the stake owner’s wallet.  Anyone may call the end; there is even a single function (endHEXStakesAndRedeem) that ends the stakes and redeems HTTs in one transaction.

An ERC is a type of EIP that defines application-level standards — the shared interfaces smart contracts agree to follow so wallets, exchanges, and other apps can work with them automatically. Token standards are the most famous ERCs (ERC-20, ERC-721, ERC-1155). Every ERC is an EIP, but not every EIP is an ERC (Core and Networking EIPs change the protocol itself). On PulseChain the very same standards are labeled PRC-20, PRC-721, and so on.

A 'multi-token' standard that lets a single contract manage many token types at once — both fungible and non-fungible — and move them in efficient batches. It is popular in gaming and marketplaces where one contract issues many different items, saving gas compared with deploying a separate contract per token.  PulseChain: identical standard, works unchanged

The standard interface for fungible (interchangeable) tokens — the blueprint nearly every crypto token follows. It defines functions like transfer, balanceOf, approve, and transferFrom so any wallet or exchange can handle any ERC-20 token the same way. HEX, ACTR, and HTTs all live in this family (PulseChain's PRC-20 is the identical interface). Without ERC-20, tokens couldn't be listed, swapped, or pooled interchangeably on a DEX like PulseX.  PulseChain: the identical standard, locally called PRC-20 — HTTs and ACTR are PRC-20s

A standard interface for flash loans — uncollateralized loans that must be borrowed and repaid within the same transaction, or the whole thing reverts as if it never happened. They power arbitrage, collateral swaps, and liquidations. ERC-3156 gives lenders and borrowers a common format so flash-loan providers become interchangeable.  PulseChain: the same interface works unchanged (PRC-3156).

The account-abstraction standard that works without changing the protocol: smart-contract wallets submit ‘user operations’ that bundlers package into ordinary transactions, enabling recovery options, spending rules, and fee sponsorship.  PulseChain: the standard is portable to any EVM chain, but the bundler infrastructure that makes it practical is Ethereum-centric today.

A standard interface for yield-bearing vaults — contracts where you deposit a token and receive shares representing your growing claim on the pooled assets. It standardizes deposit, withdraw, and share accounting so any DeFi app can plug into any vault the same way, which made yield strategies far more composable across DeFi.  PulseChain: the same interface works unchanged (PRC-4626).

The standard for non-fungible tokens (NFTs) — tokens that are each unique and not interchangeable, unlike ERC-20. Every one has a distinct ID and owner. This matters directly in the Actuator world: an HSI (HEX Stake Instance) is an ERC-721 / PRC-721 NFT representing one specific tokenized HEX stake, which is exactly what makes a stake portable, transferable, and delegatable.  PulseChain: identical, locally PRC-721 — HSIs are PRC-721s

In Actuator, the rewards a stake accrues during the final 10% of its life are held in escrow and cannot be minted as HTTs — for a 3,000-day stake, that is roughly the last 300 days of rewards.  This reserve is not forfeited: end your stake on schedule and the escrowed rewards are released to you with the rest of the payout.

The escrow exists for the other path.  From the redemption day anyone may end a backing stake.  In the first three days the ender receives no bounty.  From the fourth day, whoever ends the stake receives the bounty, one tenth of the stake’s held-back reserve per day and the whole reserve by day 13, paid from this escrow, never from HTT holders’ collateral.  That bounty is what makes timely settlement someone’s job even when the owner disappears.  It keeps HTT redemptions honest and fully backed, and gives stakers a two-sided incentive to end on schedule: end on time and the escrow is yours; drift, and a growing share of it is paid to whoever ends the stake for you.  The stepped escrow chart and full walk-through are in the Manual’s minting chapter; the failure path lives under Settlement Waterfall.

A blockchain platform supporting Turing-complete smart contracts and dApps. Transitioned from PoW to PoS on September 15, 2022 via "The Merge."  PulseChain: the chain PulseChain full-state forked in May 2023 — Ethereum remains the proving ground whose upgrades PulseChain implements only after production proof

The Ethereum Foundation (EF) is a non-profit organization — officially Stiftung Ethereum, based in Switzerland — that supports the development, growth, and adoption of the Ethereum ecosystem.  It was founded in 2014 by Vitalik Buterin, Gavin Wood, and other early co-founders to help turn the Ethereum vision into reality ahead of the network's 2015 launch.

Importantly, the EF does not control Ethereum.  Ethereum is a decentralized, community-driven public blockchain, and the Foundation is just one participant among many — other teams, client developers, Layer-2 projects, and companies all contribute significantly.

The Foundation focuses on three areas.  First, protocol development and research: it funds core client work (such as Geth), supports research in cryptography, consensus, scaling, privacy, and security, and runs the Ethereum bug bounty program.  Second, ecosystem growth: its Ecosystem Support Program (ESP) provides grants to open-source tools, infrastructure, education, and public goods.  Third, advocacy and community: it organizes Devcon, Ethereum's flagship developer conference, and maintains documentation, the EF Blog, and educational resources.

The EF describes itself as part of the "Infinite Garden" — a metaphor for Ethereum as a living ecosystem that no single entity controls — and emphasizes the CROPS principles of censorship resistance, open source, privacy, and security.  It has a relatively flat structure led by an executive board and co-executive directors rather than a corporate hierarchy, with a treasury funded largely by early Ether sales.  Key figures include Vitalik Buterin, who provides technical guidance, and Aya Miyaguchi, its President.

In short, the Ethereum Foundation acts as a steward and major funder that helps keep Ethereum secure, decentralized, and innovative over the long term — working alongside a vast global community rather than ruling over it.

Etherscan is the leading and most trusted block explorer for Ethereum and a growing list of EVM-compatible chains.  Launched in 2015, it is a free, user-friendly search engine and analytics platform that gives anyone transparent, real-time access to on-chain data — often called the "Google of Ethereum."  Whether you are casually checking a transaction, verifying a smart contract, monitoring gas fees, or tracking on-chain activity, it makes complex blockchain data readable and actionable.

You can search transactions by hash to see the sender, receiver, value, gas used, status, and timestamp; inspect blocks and the validators that produced them; look up any address to view its ETH balance, token holdings, and full transaction history; and track ERC-20 tokens and ERC-721/ERC-1155 NFTs along with holder distributions and transfers.  Live network statistics cover ETH price, market cap, total transactions, and transactions per second.

One of its most powerful features is reading and writing verified smart contracts directly in the browser, with no coding required.  Developers verify their contract source code so it becomes human-readable; anyone can then use Read Contract to query view functions for free (such as a token balance or total supply), or Write Contract to run state-changing functions by connecting a Web3 wallet like MetaMask.  This is invaluable for auditing contracts, testing interactions, and understanding how a protocol works under the hood.

The built-in Gas Tracker shows real-time gas prices in Gwei for different speeds, estimated costs in USD for common actions like swaps and NFT purchases, and historical charts — letting you time transactions to avoid overpaying during network congestion.  Etherscan has also grown well beyond Ethereum: it offers official explorers for dozens of EVM chains and Layer-2 networks, a robust API (used by thousands of dApps) that reaches 50+ chains with a single key, plus sister tools like Blockscan (multichain search), BeaconScan (the consensus layer), and Blockscan Chat (wallet-to-wallet messaging).

Founded in 2015 by Matthew Tan, Etherscan is one of the oldest and most respected independent projects in the Ethereum ecosystem.  Its mission is to provide equitable access to blockchain data — no account is required for basic use; just visit the site and search by address, transaction hash, block number, or token.  PulseChain: the equivalent tools are covered under PulseChain Explorer.

The system that executes smart contracts on Ethereum. EVM-compatible chains follow the same rules, allowing same contracts and token standards (ERC-20) across networks.  PulseChain: runs the identical virtual machine — the reason every Ethereum contract, wallet, and developer tool works there unchanged

A marketplace where buyers and sellers trade one asset for another — crypto for crypto, or crypto for fiat currency.  Exchanges come in two shapes, and the difference is custody rather than the screen: a CEX is run by a company that takes the deposit and matches orders in its own ledger, while a DEX is a set of smart contracts that swaps wallet to wallet and never holds the coins.  PulseChain: every HTT price this site publishes comes from DEX pools on PulseX, never from an exchange listing

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under Fair Distribution.

The half of a modern EVM chain that actually runs transactions and smart contracts — the EVM, the mempool, the state — while the consensus layer decides whose block counts.  Ethereum’s reference client is Geth.  PulseChain: Go-Pulse, a direct fork of Geth — same machine, different fuel.

The number that governs everything mintable: Actuator’s conservative measure of what a delegated stake is worth today — principal plus accrued rewards, discounted for the worst case the HEX contract could impose (early or late penalties).  A stake can never mint more HTTs than this value, which is how 1:1 backing survives even disappointing years — and because rewards accrue daily, the extractable value grows daily, letting owners mint more over time without retiring anything.

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under RPC Failover.

The claim that a token’s entire supply enters the world through public rules anyone could use — no early-buyer round, no team allocation, no insider tranche.  Communis makes the strictest version of the claim (mint-only supply, no Origin Address, no admin keys); HEX’s launch made a broader one that critics contest via the OA.  Treat ‘fair’ as a checkable design description, never as a verdict: read the rules, not the adjective.

An Actuator farm is a MasterChef-style contract that rewards liquidity providers with ACTR. Six farm pools were fixed at deployment (HTT-3000 through HTT-8000, spaced 1,000 days apart), with ACTR weights shifting toward longer maturities each year of the three-year schedule — currently (Year 2) the 3000/4000/5000/6000/7000 pools carry weight.  You pair the HTT with HEX on PulseX, receive LP tokens, and deposit those LP tokens into the matching farm to earn ACTR every second.  Unlike vaults, farm LP tokens can be withdrawn at any time with no penalty.  Depositing LP tokens in a farm does not forfeit swap fees: the official pairs are PulseX v2, whose 0.22% LP share accrues inside the pair’s reserves — so it keeps growing your LP tokens’ value wherever they sit, and the farm’s ACTR is paid on top (this site lists the two yields separately on Farm & Vault Yields).  About 75% of all ACTR that will ever exist is distributed to farmers over roughly three years.  Farms reward providing liquidity; vaults reward holding ACTR to capture mint fees — the two are easy to confuse.  One changeover remains and it is dated: on October 9, 2026 (Year 3), HTT-3000’s farming rewards end and HTT-8000’s begin, while yearly emissions step from 250M to 150M ACTR — coded to the second, no admin can move it.  One verify-first nuance: the HTT-8000 farm pool (and its official LP address) does not exist until the switch adds it — the farm contract holds five pools today, checkable on-chain.  The four-line contrast with vaults — deposit, reward, clock, source — lives under Farms vs Vaults.

The annual October 9 changeover in Actuator’s farms, fixed in the farm contract at deployment: yearly ACTR emissions step down (350M → 250M → 150M across the three years from October 9, 2024) and the pool weights rotate toward longer maturities.  The emission step is pure clock — exact 365-day years, no transaction needed.  The weight rotation applies with the first call to the contract’s public massUpdatePools() function after the boundary; anyone can send it, and the 2025 rotation executed 75 seconds after midnight.  The 2026 switch is the big one for farmers: HTT-3000’s rewards end (weight 0), every continuing pool shifts down one HTT series, and HTT-8000 enters at the top 30% weight — the full before/after table lives on The October 9 Farm Switch.  October 9, 2027 is the final switch: the schedule ends and farms stop paying ACTR entirely.

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under Farms vs Vaults.

⚠ Modeled by hexbonds — unverified analysis, not an observed practice.  The farm schedule pre-announces forced LP migrations — a retiring maturity loses its ACTR reason to hold while the entering one must assemble LP from fresh tokens.  Full entry, strategy T4, on the Actuator Strategies page.

Deposit HTT/HEX LP tokens into Actuator’s farms and earn ACTR emissions on top of swap fees.  Full entry, strategy L1, on the Actuator Strategies page.

The two ‘earn’ machines are easy to confuse and built to differ — four differences, one line each.  Different deposit: the farm takes a pair (HTT/HEX LP tokens — you are funding a market); the vault takes one asset alone (ACTR, into one maturity’s strongbox).  Different reward: the farm pays ACTR; the vault pays that maturity’s 1% mint fees, in actual HTTs.  Different clock: farm deposits withdraw anytime with no penalty; vault deposits lock for 90 days, early exit burns up to 100%, and adding restarts the clock.  Different source: farm rewards are fixed emissions — 750M ACTR over three years, flowing on schedule whether or not anyone mints; vault rewards are real usage revenue — if nobody mints, nothing flows.  In one sentence: farms pay scheduled emissions for making markets; vaults pay protocol revenue for committed holding.

A micro-edge baked into the protocol: mints at a brand-new maturity pay no fee until someone deposits ACTR in its vault, because the 1% only flows to ACTR staked in that day’s vault — and a vault can’t have depositors before its HTT exists.  Full entry, strategy V4, on the Actuator Strategies page.

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under Protocol Fee Skim (feeTo).

Government-issued currency (USD, EUR) not backed by a physical commodity. Centralized and subject to monetary policy, inflation, and regulatory oversight.

The program that operates a hardware device's core functions. In Trezor, handles transaction verification, key protection, and secure display. Each release is digitally signed.

⚠ Modeled by hexbonds — unverified analysis, not an observed practice.  Because vault payouts are pro-rata, the first vaulter at a maturity both switches the 1% fee on and captures all of it — so a minimal ACTR position in an empty vault ahead of expected mint flow collects the entire fee stream.  Full entry, strategy V3, on the Actuator Strategies page.

The asset class of bond-like investments that pay a defined, predictable return, as opposed to equities. HTTs bring a fixed-income-style instrument to crypto: a known HEX amount, on a known date.

Splitting a book between variable-rate exposure and locked fixed-rate paper.  On this site the play is documented — with dated observations and its honest caveats — as strategy C2, Fixed/Floating Split.  Full entry on the Actuator Strategies page.

Deliberately split exposure between variable-rate HEX (native stakes, HSIs) and fixed-rate HTTs, so a sudden payout cut can’t gut your whole yield.  Full entry, strategy C2, on the Actuator Strategies page.

The Ethereum research organization that tamed the worst of MEV by giving transactions a private route to block builders instead of a public mempool free-for-all.  PulseChain: Ethereum-specific — no PulseChain equivalent of note, so protect yourself the manual way: tight slippage, sized trades.

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under Full-State Copy (Fork).

The interest rate for a future stretch of time, implied today by two spot rates.  If money out to three years yields 4% and money out to five yields 5%, the market is pricing the two years in between at 6.52% — nobody quotes that rate, it falls out of the arithmetic.  Two HTT prices do the same: HTT-3000 and HTT-4000 together imply a rate for HEX between HEX day 3000 and day 4000, which can be set beside what a HEX stake covering that same stretch would pay.  That comparison is the reason a curve is worth more than any single quote on it.

A research method: start from a known origin — a contract’s hardcoded address, a genesis allocation, a mint event — and follow the funds forward through the ledger, letting the chain itself say where they went.  The direction matters: tracing forward from a proven starting point inherits that proof, while working backward from a headline number means subtracting contested figures and inheriting all their errors.

It pairs with a discipline: measure the small number directly.  If the question is “how much can users actually sell,” enumerate the users — never derive them as “total minus the whales,” because a residual carries every mistake made about the big side.  This method, run on the PLSX mint, is where the site’s user-float figure comes from.

The deliberate combination: a discounted-HTT or minted base position, plus HTT/HEX LP fees, plus ACTR farm emissions on the LP, plus vaulting the farmed ACTR for mint-fee HTTs.  Full entry, strategy C1, on the Actuator Strategies page.

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under Bitcoin Free Claim.

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under Copied Tokens (Free Copies).

Acronym for Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt. Negative or misleading information intended to create fear among investors, leading to panic selling and market instability.

How PulseChain launched: rather than starting empty, it photographed Ethereum’s entire ledger — every wallet, every token balance, every NFT, every contract — and began from that snapshot.  If you held something on Ethereum at the fork block, an identical entry existed on PulseChain from second one, controlled by the same private key.  What those copies are worth is a market question, not a technical one; the copy itself was free.

The fee required to perform transactions or execute smart contracts on Ethereum. Represents computational effort, paid in ETH.  On PulseChain gas is paid in PLS and typically costs fractions of a cent — the practical reason HEX stake management migrated there (eHEX vs pHEX)

Arbitrage is what makes dozens of pools of one token quote one price: any pool that drifts from the others is a free trade, and someone takes it — but only while the profit exceeds the GAS the correction costs.  That threshold is the gas floor: a pool too small for its drift to be worth correcting stops tracking the market, and the smaller the pool the wider the band it can wander in.  The floor is gas plus swap fees — on PulseChain the fee sets it, on Ethereum gas does.

Measured nightly since 2026-08-23 across every readable HEX and eHEX pool on both chains, each pool against the deepest pool of its partner family: on PulseChain, where gas is nearly free, the deep pools agree to well under 1% and even pools of a few hundred dollars hold inside the fee band; on Ethereum the dust pools sit thousands of percent away, because mainnet gas makes correcting them a losing trade.  Same token, same mathematics, different gas.  The live figures are on The Gas Floor.

The most gas a transaction is allowed to consume — your circuit breaker against a buggy contract eating your whole balance in fees (a simple transfer needs exactly 21,000; complex DeFi calls need far more).  Blocks carry their own total limit, which is what makes blockspace scarce.  PulseChain: identical mechanics, inherited whole from the fork.

What you bid per unit of gas: a base fee the protocol sets and burns, plus an optional tip to the block producer — busy chain, higher price.  Fee = gas used × gas price.  PulseChain: the same burn-plus-tip model denominated in PLS, where the whole bill is typically fractions of a cent — the practical difference that moved HEX stake management there.

Good Accounting (the HEX contract’s stakeGoodAccounting function) lets anyone settle the books on any stake once its term is complete — the call fails on a stake that isn’t mature.  It computes the stake’s final payout and applies any late penalty accrued up to that moment, but it pays out nothing and moves no coins: the owner must still call end-stake later to collect.

Why it exists: a mature-but-unended stake is a zombie.  It earns nothing further, but its T-Shares stay in the global share total, diluting the daily payout-per-T-Share for everyone still alive.  Good Accounting removes those shares — payout per T-Share rises for every active staker — and freezes the zombie’s late-penalty clock at the moment of the call (any late penalty applied splits like all penalties: half to the payout pool, half to the OA — see OA & Early End Stake).

The function is public by design — no permission is needed.  Its everyday purpose is stopping the late penalty clock on a finished stake — anyone may call it on any stake, a small act of public bookkeeping the contract deliberately allows

An automated caller of Good Accounting — the anyone-may-call function that freezes a finished stake’s books so its late penalty stops growing.  Because the call is permissionless, a bot economy grew around it, and the events show how concentrated it is: of the 35,550 Good Accounting calls ever made (2026-08-30 snapshot), a single bot placed 50.4%, and the calls collectively froze 1.54 billion HEX of penalty at the moment of freezing.  In about 13,700 of those calls, stakers froze their own stakes.  The bots earn no HEX from the call itself — the freeze is a public service the contract merely permits, performed at industrial scale by a few operators.

A token that gives holders a say in how a protocol is run, such as voting on parameters or upgrades — common elsewhere in DeFi (UNI, MKR). Note that ACTR is not one: Actuator's contracts are immutable with no admin keys, so there is nothing to vote on or upgrade. ACTR is a revenue-sharing reward token — it earns a share of protocol fees, not influence.

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under Authority Impersonation (Fake Badge).

HEX’s clock, not the holder’s: the two weeks after a stake’s end day during which ending it costs nothing extra.  After day 14 the late penalty begins — 1/700 of the stake’s whole value per day, so the full return zeroes after 700 late days (100 weeks, about 1.9 years) — negligible for a few days, but left that long it consumes everything.

For an HTT holder the grace period belongs to the backing stakes, never to the holder: the redemption right has no deadline (verified in the manager’s deployed source, 2026-08-12 — its only time gate is that maturity has arrived).  What the 14 days protect is the pool: a backing stake ended inside them unlocks whole; one left longer loses value to the late penalty, and that loss comes out of the stake’s creator’s share (Settlement Waterfall).  1 HTT = 1 HEX at redemption, guaranteed 1:1 forever.  The protocol has the stakes ended on time by holding back the rewards of each stake’s last 10% of days and releasing them a tenth per day, from the fourth day past maturity and in full by day 13, to whoever ends it (End-Stake Subsidy).  Anyone can freeze a finished stake’s books with Good Accounting, and the clock runs on UTC days — day 14 ends the evening before, US time.

A billionth of one ETH — the unit gas prices are quoted in, because pricing computation in whole ETH would be like pricing groceries in tons of gold.  PulseChain: same arithmetic, paid in PLS; community trackers quote the unit as ‘beats’ (a billionth of a PLS).

A periodic Bitcoin event where the block reward is reduced by half, approximately every 210,000 blocks (roughly 4 years). Deflationary mechanism slowing new bitcoin creation.

Physical vibration or touch response when interacting with a device. In hardware wallets, provides additional confirmation channel for critical actions.

A permanent divergence in blockchain protocol resulting in two separate chains. Not backward-compatible, requiring community consensus to determine which chain is maintained.  PulseChain: is itself the most ambitious hard fork yet attempted: a full-state copy that kept every balance and went its own way

A small USB/NFC device (YubiKey is the canonical name) that provides the strongest form of 2FA: FIDO2 keys are phishing-resistant by construction, because the key cryptographically verifies the real site’s domain before answering — a pixel-perfect fake gets silence, where an authenticator code would have been typed right in.  Keep the jobs straight: a security key authenticates you to services (email, exchanges, your password manager); it is not a wallet and never signs a crypto transaction — that is the hardware wallet’s job.  Buy two and register both everywhere; the full 2FA picture is in the Security Guide.

A dedicated signing device that keeps your private keys off the internet-connected computer entirely: transactions travel to the device, get displayed on its own screen, and only a signature comes back — malware on your computer never touches the key.  The satellite vocabulary is already here: Secure Element, Firmware, PIN, Passphrase, Cold Storage, Wallet Backup.  For anything beyond pocket money in this ecosystem, the Wallets guide treats one as the floor, not a luxury.

The output of a cryptographic hash function (such as SHA-256). Fixed-length string highly sensitive to input changes, fundamental for data integrity and linking blocks.

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under Hedron.

A minor add-on: HSIs delegated to Actuator can still mint Hedron tokens, so the same stake earns HTT liquidity plus HDRN — delegation forfeits nothing on the Hedron side.  Full entry, strategy S5, on the Actuator Strategies page.

Tokens that share liquidity rise and fall together.  The term is Richard Heart’s, and the mechanism is arithmetic rather than sentiment: a liquidity pool holds two tokens against a constant product, so every trade moves both sides at once.  Buy token A with token B and A rises while B is spent into the pool.  Two tokens that share a pool are therefore coupled by construction, and the more pools bind them, the harder that coupling holds.

Its power is in the binding, not the observation.  Co-movement is a well-studied effect in ordinary markets, but it is normally something you notice after the fact.  Heart’s Law is the version you can build: pair a new token’s liquidity into an established one deliberately, repeatedly, across many pools, and the new token inherits the established one’s price behavior.  In a tightly bound ecosystem this compounds — a token held in place by eight pools at once is far harder to knock loose than one held by a single thin market.

We measured it.  Over 300 days of daily prices read straight from PulseX pool reserves (5 Oct 2025 – 27 Jul 2026, 300 observations per token, no third-party price API), the tightness of a binding can be put on a single scale: how much of the partner token’s volatility the pair ratio refuses to pass through.  1.00 would be a perfect peg; 0.00 means the pool exerts no hold at all.

• HTT-5000 0.714 · HTT-3000 0.671 · HTT-7000 0.624 — all against HEX • PLSX 0.550 · HTT-6000 0.533 · HTT-4000 0.492 • HEX 0.425 · INC 0.420 — all against WPLS • bridged WETH 0.181 · ACTR 0.118 · USDC −0.002

Where the law stops — and why that is a feature.  USDC sits in one of PulseX’s largest pools paired with WPLS and scores −0.002: its ratio to WPLS moves exactly as much as WPLS does, meaning the pool has no purchase on it whatsoever.  That is not a failure of the law, it is its boundary condition, and it has a name — a token redeemable at par for something outside the pool is anchored to that outside thing, and no amount of pool trading can drag it away (see Currency Board and Arbitrage).  Knowing the boundary is what turns a saying into a usable test: does this token have a market outside the pool?  If no, it will track its partner.  If yes, it will not.

Actuator is the clearest case of it working.  HTTs have no market anywhere but their HEX pools, and each one is held by roughly eight simultaneous pools — to HEX, to ACTR, to WPLS and PLSX, and to each other.  As a class they bind tighter than anything else measured: mean 0.607 across the five, and three of them take the top three places outright.  The honest detail is that PLSX at 0.550 lands inside the HTT range, above two of them — so the class wins on average and on mechanism, not on every single row.

Hedron is the protocol that first made HEX stakes portable as HSIs (self-contained stake contracts, tokenizable as NFTs).  It lets users start HEX stakes inside portable, composable contracts while preserving all original economics.  Hedron also introduced HDRN (its own token), lends HDRN against an HSI’s future minting, and auctions off an instance whose loan defaults — the one path by which a plain HSI changes hands (see HSITransfer).

Actuator is built directly on top of Hedron’s HSI system — every Actuator position is ultimately an HSI that has been delegated for HTT minting.  Hedron made HEX stakes transferable and usable as collateral; Actuator takes the next step by allowing the creation of time-specific, fungible claims against those stakes.

An important precision: Hedron developed the HSI — the portable-stake wrapper Actuator delegates — but each HSI is a self-contained contract holding its own HEX stake, and the Hedron token contract has no ongoing control over existing HSIs.  The contract layers that matter to your funds are HEX, your HSI, and Actuator.  Hedron developed the procedure, not a dependency.  A dual-chain token (same contract on Ethereum and PulseChain), and the original HEX-staker airdrop: only stakers can mint HDRN, against their staked days

A borrowing analogy for Actuator.  A traditional HELOC (Home Equity Line of Credit) lets you borrow against your home’s equity without selling it.  Actuator works similarly for a HEX stake: by minting and selling HTTs you access liquidity against your locked stake while it keeps earning, and you can later buy the HTTs back to fully restore the position.  The loan is fully collateralized by the stake, with no counterparty and (with matched dates) no liquidation risk.  Only tokenized stakes (see HSI) can be used, and that choice is made at stake-start; a plain stake made directly in the HEX contract (“native”) can never join — there is no conversion path.

HEX is a time-deposit cryptocurrency created by Richard Heart and launched in December 2019.  It functions like a decentralized certificate of deposit: users stake HEX for a chosen number of days and earn daily HEX payouts from a global pool proportional to their stake’s size and duration (measured in T-Shares).

Stakes have penalties for ending too early or too late.  HEX is the foundational asset that backs every HTT — all HTTs ultimately represent claims on future unlocked HEX from real stakes.

HEX exists on two chains: • eHEX — the original, launched December 2019 on the Ethereum mainnet.  Higher gas fees, but the longest track record. • HEX on PulseChain — the same contract and staking mechanics, carried over in the May 2023 full-state fork, with much lower gas fees.  You will hear it called pHEX, but PulseChain’s HEX is simply HEX — the original is the one that takes a prefix.  PulseChain was created by Richard Heart as an Ethereum fork optimized for cheaper, faster transactions.

Both versions of HEX use the same smart contract code and staking logic.  Your HEX stake exists on whichever chain you staked it on.  Actuator.Finance operates on PulseChain, so you use Liquid HEX on PulseChain to create HSIs on the Actuator website, or bring existing HSIs from your PulseChain wallet.

Key differences: • Gas fees: PulseChain transactions cost fractions of a cent vs Ethereum’s dollars. • Liquidity: Both chains have active DEXes (PulseX on PulseChain, Uniswap on Ethereum). • Security model: Both use the same ECDSA cryptography and seed phrase standards (BIP-39 / SLIP-39).

The plain-English framing this site is named for: a HEX Time Token behaves like a zero-coupon bond denominated in HEX — bought at a discount, redeemed at face on a date, no coupon in between — except there is no issuer and no promise, only an immutable contract holding collateral (Crypto Bonds walks the analogy; Due Diligence stress-tests it).  hexbonds.com is an independent, unaffiliated research site: the name describes the instrument, not a product.

HEX’s internal calendar, and the unit every maturity on this site is written in.  Days count from launch — December 3, 2019 — and each new day begins at 00:00 UTC (the evening before in US time; see UTC Time).  An HTT-3000 redeems when the contract’s day counter reaches 2999, at 00:00 UTC on February 18, 2028 (7:00 PM Eastern on February 17); this site’s counter shows 2999 at that moment, and the Actuator app, which numbers every day one higher, shows 3000.  One counting quirk documented under Big Pay Day: the contract’s own numbering runs one lower than some community tools — this site follows the contract, verified against its currentDay() on-chain.  The full date-and-time chart for every series lives under Maturity Date.  The redemption arithmetic that follows from it (verified in the HTTM source): token symbols run one higher than their internal maturity, so HTT-N opens for redemption when the contract’s counter reaches N−1 — see Maturity Date for the dated chart

The seller strategy: delegate an HSI and mint HTTs against its principal and accrued value, selling them for liquidity today — a reversible, self-issued loan with no middleman and, when the HTT’s day matches the stake’s end day, no liquidation — instead of a destructive emergency end-stake.  Full entry, strategy M1, on the Actuator Strategies page.

New HEX is created at a maximum of about 3.69% per year, all of it flowing into the Daily Payout for stakers.  Non-stakers hold coins whose supply share shrinks; stakers absorb the emission plus penalties.  This is protocol emission, not revenue — a distinction the Due Diligence page insists on when explaining where HTT yield ultimately comes from.

A way some in the community describe Actuator: like liquid staking, it lets a HEX stake keep earning while its owner holds a token that can be traded or used today.  A HEX stake otherwise locks its HEX for years, and the only way out early is an early end stake and its penalty.

Where the comparison stops: • A fixed date.  A liquid-staking token follows its stake and rewards with no set end.  An HTT redeems for exactly 1 HEX on one fixed HEX day, so each maturity (HTT-3000, HTT-7000 …) is its own token, and it trades below 1 HEX until its day — closer to a bond (see Super Bonds). • Your own stake.  Liquid staking usually pools deposits with the platform.  With Actuator your own stake, wrapped as an HSI, is delegated, and you choose how many HTTs to mint against it — never more than its extractable stake value. • The yield stays with the staker.  An HTT holder receives 1 HEX at maturity and nothing more; whatever the stake earns beyond the HTTs minted against it stays with its owner.

A distribution aimed exclusively at HEX stakers: you qualify by having stake — usually by proving active shares — and you mint the new token yourself rather than receiving a transfer.  Hedron launched this way (HDRN mintable against staked days, plus launch-phase bonuses) and Communis is the pattern’s purest case: virtually all COM in existence was minted through stakers’ claims (the referral line adds 1% that can land elsewhere — including, when no referrer is given, at the creator’s hardcoded address).  The word ‘airdrop’ applies only loosely — nothing lands in your wallet unless you act.

Locking your HEX in the HEX smart contract for a chosen length (1 to 5555 days) to earn interest paid in more HEX. Longer and larger stakes earn more through bonus "T-Shares"; ending early or very late incurs penalties. It works like a self-custodial certificate of deposit (CD).  In layman’s terms the contract is a promise machine: staking burns your HEX and issues shares for the term you promised; every day the Daily Payout credits those shares; ending on time mints back principal plus yield, while leaving early or late costs you — with half of every penalty paid to the stakers who kept their word

HexFire (HEXFIRE.io; host known as “Chrispy”) is a community educator in the HEX, PulseChain, and Actuator ecosystem.  HexFire produces livestreams and walk-through videos covering HEX staking, HTT minting, ACTR farming, and T-Share amplification — several of which are featured on this site’s Videos page as advanced amplification walk-throughs.

A community-built search engine over Richard Heart’s YouTube transcripts — every word from 200 videos, indexed down to the second, built by @caj622.  Type a phrase and it lists each video and moment where it was said, with a timestamp jump straight to the clip: hexsearch.io ↗.  When a quote is doing the convincing, this is how you hear it in context at the source — the DYOR habit applied to words instead of numbers.

The HEXTimeTokenManager is the single immutable smart contract at the center of Actuator.  It holds every delegated HSI, calculates each stake’s extractable value, mints and retires HTTs, and — via its getOrCreateHEXTimeToken function — deploys the token contract for a redemption day the first time anyone mints that day.

That factory role makes it the anchor of trust for the whole ecosystem: every genuine HTT, at any maturity, was created by this one contract, and all genuine HTTs share byte-identical code because the manager stamps them from a single template.  Lookalike tokens with HTT-style names exist on PulseChain; checking a token’s creator against the manager’s address (listed in the Manual’s Appendix A and on the official docs) is the reliable way to tell real from fake.

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under Wallet Cleanup (Hiding Tokens).

A term derived from a misspelling of "hold." Implies resisting the urge to sell during market fluctuations, based on belief that value will appreciate over time.

An online wallet connected to the internet. Offers convenience for frequent transactions but more vulnerable to cyber threats.

An HSI is a small dedicated contract that holds exactly one HEX stake, created through Hedron’s HEX Stake Instance Manager — the stake is born inside it.  Hedron introduced it, and it serves as the foundational primitive that Actuator builds upon.

Corrected 2026-09-02 against the manager’s deployed source: an HSI is not itself an NFT.  The manager keeps a list of which wallet owns each instance.  The owner may tokenize it — that mints an ERC-721 on Ethereum / PRC-721 on PulseChain standing for the instance, which can be sent or sold like any NFT — and may detokenize it back to a plain instance at will.  An HSI changes hands in exactly two ways: as its NFT once tokenized, or by HSITransfer, the manager’s own hand-over that only a Hedron loan liquidation can trigger.

When you create an HSI, your liquid HEX is staked directly into that wrapper.  (An existing native stake cannot be converted; the choice is made at stake-start.)  This makes the stake portable while preserving all original staking mechanics, rewards, and penalties.  Each HSI is self-contained: once created, it holds its own HEX stake, and the Hedron token contract has no ongoing control over it — Hedron developed the procedure, not a dependency.  You can create new HSIs directly through Actuator or the Hedron/Icosa interfaces — always as a new stake; a native stake you already have stays native for life.

In the Actuator ecosystem, HSIs become the collateral vehicle: you delegate control of the HSI to the Actuator contract, which then allows you to mint HTTs against its extractable HEX value.  The original owner retains beneficial ownership but cannot early-end the stake or unwrap the HSI until all minted HTTs for that position are retired.

The one event in Hedron’s HEX Stake Instance Manager that moves a plain (untokenized) HSI from one owner to another.  In the deployed source, only the Hedron contract may call the function behind it, and Hedron does so in exactly two places: when a defaulted HDRN loan is liquidated (the instance leaves its owner for a holding address) and when that auction ends (the instance goes to the winning bidder).  So an HSITransfer is always a liquidation-auction hand-over — a sale between two people happens as an NFT instead.

How a loan gets there (verified in Hedron’s deployed source, 2026-09-02): an HSI owner can borrow HDRN against the HDRN the instance has yet to mint, repaying in 30-day windows.  Once 90 Hedron days of payments are outstanding, anyone may liquidate: they burn HDRN equal to the principal plus interest as the opening bid; a 24-hour auction runs, and a bid in its last minutes stretches it; every outbid bidder gets their HDRN back, the winner’s bid stays burnt; and a day after the last bid the winner collects the instance — stake, T-Shares and payouts intact.

Why it matters for anyone reading the chain: an instance that arrived this way sits in a wallet with no NFT transfer and no stake start of its own, so a reader that follows only the NFT events credits it to the wallet that started it.  Found 2026-09-02 on a real wallet holding 47 auction-won HSIs started by 19 different wallets, every one liquidated out of Icosa’s contract; our own T-Share census had been making exactly that mistake and was corrected the same day.

A HEX Time Token (HTT) is a PulseChain token that redeems 1:1 for one HEX on a fixed future HEX day, minted against a HEX stake through Actuator.  It is a PRC-20 token (PulseChain’s equivalent of an ERC-20) that represents a fully collateralized, 1:1 claim on one HEX at a specific future maturity (redemption) date.  The token’s symbol encodes the maturity — for example, HTT-3000 is redeemable 1:1 for HEX from 00:00 UTC on February 18, 2028 (7:00 PM Eastern on February 17), the HEX day this site’s counter shows as 2999 and the Actuator app shows as 3000.

HTTs are minted by delegating (or creating) a HEX Stake Instance (HSI) to the Actuator protocol.  The protocol calculates the maximum number of HTTs that can be safely minted against a stake using its “extractable stake value,” which conservatively accounts for the stake’s current intrinsic value (principal + accrued rewards) while factoring in potential early or late end-stake penalties from the underlying HEX protocol.

This makes HTTs fungible among all stakes that share the same maturity date — an HTT-3000 backed by one person’s stake is identical to an HTT-3000 backed by anyone else’s stake.  As a stake continues to earn daily HEX rewards, its extractable value grows, allowing the owner to mint additional HTTs over time without retiring existing ones.

After the maturity date arrives, 1 HTT = 1 HEX at redemption, guaranteed 1:1 forever — a right that never expires (verified in the manager’s deployed source, 2026-08-12: the only time gate is that maturity has arrived).  From the redemption day anyone may end a backing stake, and from the fourth day after it the one who ends it earns a bounty (the End-Stake Subsidy) that is full by the 13th, so the redemption pool fills without the holder lifting a finger, long before HEX’s 14-day grace period runs out.  For a stake whose own end day comes before the redemption day, the mint cap already sets aside HEX’s late penalty through 14 days after the redemption day.  The protocol automatically supports round-number maturities (x000 dates), while users can create custom dates (e.g., HTT-5555) by interacting directly with the HEXTimeTokenManager contract.  A 1% fee is charged on minting whenever ACTR is deposited in that maturity’s vault (if the vault is empty, the fee is waived), and it is distributed pro-rata to the ACTR vaulted for that maturity (see Vault).

Buy an undervalued short-dated HTT, hold as it converges toward par near redemption, then roll the proceeds into the next longer maturity at its deeper discount — compounding future-HEX claims without ever making a stake.  Full entry, strategy B2, on the Actuator Strategies page.

Pair HTTs with HEX in a PulseX pool and earn swap fees on capital that keeps full HEX exposure.  Full entry, strategy L3, on the Actuator Strategies page.

LP two different-maturity HTTs against each other instead of against HEX: both converge to HEX on their own dates, so the relative price is bounded — which makes tight concentrated-range positions viable and anchors minor maturities to the major nodes.  Full entry, strategy L4, on the Actuator Strategies page.

A token/protocol in the HEX ecosystem built on top of Hedron.  After you mint HDRN against a HEX stake, you can stake that HDRN in the Icosa dApp (app.icosa.pro) to earn ICSA as yield (ICSA is the token’s ticker; the protocol is spelled Icosa).  It sits alongside Hedron and HSIs in the stack of primitives that Actuator builds on.  In plain terms it is Hedron’s savings layer: stake HDRN to earn ICSA (the daily payout is sized by how much HDRN the whole ecosystem burned that day), stake ICSA to earn both tokens, or sell an HSI outright to the contract for ICSA through its buy-back system — which borrows the HDRN against it and routes the stake to auction.  One stake per wallet, add to it anytime (adding resets your minimum term), and bigger stakes must commit longer.  Built by the Hedron team; the contracts expose no admin functions, though no independent audit is published.  Like its parent it is a dual-chain token — the same contract addresses live on Ethereum and PulseChain, as two separate markets

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under Wallet Cleanup (Hiding Tokens).

The loss a liquidity provider can face when the two assets in a pool change in relative price, leaving the position worth less than simply holding the tokens would have. It is 'impermanent' because it is only locked in when you withdraw. Anyone providing HTT/HEX liquidity to farm ACTR should understand it.

The standard anchor numbers: a 1.25× move in one asset’s relative price costs about 0.6% versus holding, a 1.5× move about 2.0%, a 2× move about 5.7%, a 4× move about 20%.  The HTT/HEX case has a property most pairs lack: both sides are HEX-denominated, and convergence makes the divergence directional and partly forecastable — an HTT bought at a deep discount is expected to drift toward 1 HEX by maturity, so an LP is signing up for a known, bounded price ratio change (e.g., 0.80 → 1.00 is a 1.25× divergence, the ~0.6% row) rather than an open-ended one.  The working comparison is therefore concrete: expected IL on the convergence path versus the ACTR emissions and swap fees earned while providing.

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under Token Import (Add Token).

PulseX’s liquidity-mining reward token — provide liquidity on PulseX, stake the LP tokens in its farms, earn INC.  It is the model Actuator’s own ACTR farming was patterned on (the farm contract is modeled on PulseX’s INC MasterChef).  Covered with the other majors on PulseChain Tokens.  One verified nuance (July 2026): on PulseX’s V1 pairs INC is not a bonus on top of swap fees but the only reward paid for supplying that particular liquidity — a fee bug routes V1 swap fees to the PLSX burn, so the farms’ INC is all that is left to pay V1 liquidity; see PulseX V1 vs V2 (the Fee Bug).  The burn those fees feed does return value, but not as a second paycheck for the V1 LP: it lifts everyone holding PLSX — V1 providers, V2 providers and people who never supply liquidity at all — so it is a reward for holding PLSX, not for choosing V1.  How much the INC pays is worth checking rather than assuming: PulseX cut the emission rate from 1 INC per second in 2023–24 to 0.0003 in March 2026, and over 30 days measured to 27 July 2026 the INC reaching the eight rewarded V1 pairs was worth about 0.058% APR against roughly 18.7% APR of swap fees those same pools forfeited to the burn.

The indenture is a bond’s governing contract; the covenants are the promises the issuer makes about its own conduct — limits on new debt, on asset sales, on dividends.  A trustee enforces them and, in the end, a court does.  The HTT equivalent is the deployed contract itself: the terms are code, they execute themselves, and No Admin Keys means nobody can amend them afterwards.  That trade runs both ways — no covenant can be renegotiated in a crisis, and none can be quietly weakened either.

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under Crypto Inheritance (Estate Plan).

The risk that the market’s required return changes while you hold the instrument, moving its price.  It is symmetric and it has nothing to do with default: the bond still pays what it promised, but if better rates appear elsewhere, yours is worth less to whoever would buy it today.  Duration measures the exposure and Convexity refines it.  HTTs carry it in full — when the market’s required HEX yield rises, HTT prices fall, and the further from maturity the harder.  Holding to maturity retires the risk, because once the claim is redeemed the price path along the way stopped mattering.

An open-source, privacy-first crypto wallet native to PulseChain that also supports Ethereum and every other EVM chain.  It is self-custodial ('your keys, your crypto'), stores no personal data, and has a built-in swap that routes across DEXs and adds a 0.729% wallet fee (paid in the chain’s native coin, on top of pool fees; Internet Money says the fee goes to TIME holders).  Available on iOS, Android, and Chrome, it is the home wallet for the IM, TIME, and FUTURE tokens and a common on-ramp for using HEX and Actuator on PulseChain.

A curve where near maturities yield more than far ones — the opposite of the usual upward slope.  In government bonds it draws attention because it has preceded most recessions: it says the market expects rates to be lower later, which usually means it expects trouble.  On the HTT curve the same shape means something narrower and more mechanical.  Near-dated series can be cheap against far-dated ones because of Redemption crowding, a shallow pool, or a holder who wants out before maturity — none of which is a forecast.  An inversion here is a statement about supply and depth at particular maturities.

The line the rating agencies draw: BBB−/Baa3 and above is investment grade, everything below is high yield — “junk” in the trade.  The label does real work, because many institutions may only hold investment-grade paper, so a downgrade across the line forces selling regardless of what anyone thinks of the bond.  HTTs sit outside that system: there is no issuer to rate, so the risks are of another kind — contract risk, whether backing stakes end on time, and pool depth — and no agency measures any of them.  Unrated is not a grade.  It means the work is the reader’s.

IPFS is a peer-to-peer system for storing and serving files without a central server.  Its defining trick is content addressing: a file is identified by a hash (a fingerprint) of its own contents, not by where it lives.  Ask the network for a hash and you get back exactly the bytes that produce that hash — from whichever computer happens to be sharing them.  Change a single character and the hash changes, so a file fetched by its hash cannot have been silently altered.

Why it matters here: a smart contract is permanent, but the website you use to reach it is not — a domain can lapse, a host can be pressured, a team can walk away.  To close that gap, the Actuator and HEX app front-ends are published as IPFS files.  Because the app is addressed by hash, it stays reachable for as long as some IPFS node keeps a pinned copy, even if every website — the official one and this one included — disappears.  This is the reason the Manual tells you to save a copy: the contracts are immutable, and the door to them survives on IPFS.  An IPFS node rejects any file that does not match the hash; a gateway runs that check on its own server.

How to use it: reach an IPFS-hosted app either through a public gateway (a normal web address that fetches the file from the network for you) or by running an IPFS node and opening the hash directly — the most independent option, since it relies on no one else's server.  This site hosts the current front-end files and gateway links on its Frontends page, and the step-by-step is in Decentralized Access via IPFS.  The hash in a gateway address shows which release was asked for; only your own node checks what arrived.

The government or company that sells a bond and owes repayment. HTTs have no issuer — you mint them yourself against your own HEX stake, so there is no third party who could fail to pay.

Selling rich paper at the primary window and letting the price correct.  On this site the play is documented — with dated observations and its honest caveats — as strategy M4, Launch-Premium Sale.  Full entry on the Actuator Strategies page.

The identity checks a regulated firm (a broker, a bank or a centralized exchange) runs before it opens an account.  A smart contract itself runs none: it serves any wallet that sends a valid transaction.  PulseChain: HEX, Actuator and PulseX run no identity checks, though the exchange used to buy PLS usually does.

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under Layer 2.

Forget a finished stake and the contract slowly confiscates it.  After the 14-day grace period, a penalty starts at zero and grows roughly 1% of the full payout per week — left long enough, it consumes everything.  Half of every penalty goes to other stakers through Penalty Redistribution, half to the Origin Address.  Anyone can call Good Accounting on a finished stake to freeze its books and stop the bleeding.  In plain terms: the contract pays you to show up on time.

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under Late End-Stake Penalty (Late Penalty).

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under Late End-Stake Penalty (Late Penalty).

A timing play around each annual HTT/farm launch: new farms open at their highest APR and decay as deposits flood in, and the launch mint wave pays the new vault heavily — so accumulate ACTR ahead, pre-position the new vault, and mint or farm the new series from day one.  Full entry, strategy V2, on the Actuator Strategies page.

If an HTT ever trades at or above 1 HEX — its fair-value ceiling — stake, mint, and sell it for more HEX than you put in.  Full entry, strategy M4, on the Actuator Strategies page.

Secondary protocols built on top of a base blockchain (Layer 1) to improve scalability and speed. Examples: Lightning Network for Bitcoin, rollups on Ethereum.  PulseChain: has no Layer-2 ecosystem — its bet is that Layer-1 fees measured in fractions of a cent make one unnecessary (the trade-offs)

A record-keeping system where all blockchain transactions are stored and verified across the network. Decentralized with no single point of failure.

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under Crypto Inheritance (Estate Plan).

A way to earn validator yield without running a validator or holding the full 32 million PLS stake: deposit any amount into a liquid-staking protocol, receive a receipt token that grows with validator rewards, and stay liquid — the receipt trades and moves like any token while the protocol runs the machines.  PulseChain’s notable examples are Vouch (vPLS) and ValidatorX (uPLS).  The honest trade-off: you add a layer of protocol and operator risk on top of chain risk, and every staker who chooses a pool instead of their own machine concentrates the validator set a little more.

A measure of how easily an asset can be bought or sold without significantly affecting its price. High liquidity means stable prices; low liquidity means volatility and slippage.

For HTTs, liquidity lives in specific places: the HTT/HEX pairs on PulseX, plus the multi-token HEX-COMPLEX basket on PHUX.  Depth varies sharply by maturity — far-dated series and retired farm maturities can be very thin or have no live pool at all — so check the pool’s size before sizing a trade (the Due Diligence page tracks pool data, and the Curve Table on Charts marks the ‘No Live Pool’ series).  Deepening this liquidity is exactly what ACTR farming exists to incentivize.

A copied ledger does not copy the money behind it: pools on the new chain start as token entries with no depth until holders choose to move real liquidity in.  Where migration happened (HEX pairs, PulseX majors) markets work; where it didn’t, copies sit unpriced — the same phenomenon, in miniature, as the ‘No Live Pool’ columns in our Curve Table.  Depth, not existence, is what makes a market real.

The pot of paired tokens that a DEX trades against: an HTT/HEX pool holds both tokens, and every swap tilts the ratio, moving the price.  Depositors (liquidity providers) own the pot pro-rata via LP tokens and earn the swap fees, in exchange for impermanent-loss risk.  That fee income is the normal bargain and it holds on PulseX V2, including every Actuator farm pair — but not on PulseX V1, where a code bug routes it to the burn instead (PulseX V1 vs V2), so it is always worth knowing which version a pool belongs to before assuming fees accrue to you.  Pool depth is destiny on thin markets: every price on this site comes from some pool, which is why TVL is a column in our tables and ‘trade a small fraction of the pool’ is the sizing rule everywhere (Slippage).

The extra yield demanded for money that is harder to get back — either because it is committed for longer (the term premium) or because the instrument itself is hard to sell (the liquidity premium).  It is one reason a normal Yield Curve slopes upward: lenders want paying for the inconvenience, quite apart from what they expect rates to do.  Both appear in HTT prices and they can be told apart.  The term part is the general slope across maturities; the liquidity part is the extra discount on one particular series whose pool is shallow or whose farm weight has been retired.  A far-dated HTT is being paid for time; an unloved one is being paid for the exit.

⚠ Modeled by hexbonds — unverified analysis, not an observed practice.  HTTs minted as loans must be bought back before their redemption day — so where circulating loan-float is large, buying that maturity’s discount ahead of the deadline positions you in front of forced, price-insensitive cover flow.  Full entry, strategy T5, on the Actuator Strategies page.

Apple’s one-switch hardening for people who face targeted attacks — which is exactly the profile of anyone holding meaningful crypto.  Flipping it (Settings → Privacy & Security) disables the attack surfaces real exploits actually use: risky message previews, certain web technologies, unsolicited connections.  The trade is minor inconvenience for a dramatically smaller target; on a crypto-dedicated Mac there is little reason to leave it off.  The full machine checklist lives in the Security Guide.

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under Communis (COM).

HEX’s core promise: commitment time is rewarded.  The longer you promise to stake, the more shares the same coins buy — the bonus grows with stake length until it maxes out at triple shares for commitments of about ten years (3,641+ days, up to the 5,555-day maximum).  More shares mean a bigger slice of every Daily Payout.  It is the contract’s way of paying for patience, and the reason serious stakers ladder long stakes rather than rolling short ones.

An LP in this context is someone who deposits a pair of assets (typically a specific HTT maturity + HEX) into a liquidity pool on PulseX, receives LP tokens, and then stakes those LP tokens into Actuator’s farms to earn ACTR rewards (plus trading fees — all five Actuator farm pairs are PulseX V2, where providers keep 0.22% of every trade; on PulseX V1 pairs they would keep none, see PulseX V1 vs V2).

By providing liquidity, LPs facilitate trading between HTTs and HEX, which helps discover prices along the yield curve and makes it easier for stakers to exit into HEX or for others to acquire time-specific HEX exposure.

PulseX’s fee engine: a slice of every swap fee is set aside to buy PLSX on the open market and burn it.  The public bounty burns stopped on 2026-08-28, when the owner key switched off the public burn call (the anyAuth setting) on both burner contracts; since then the set-aside fees accumulate in the burners unburned (re-read on-chain 2026-09-23).  The LP Buy and Burn is the same category of mechanism as Actuator routing HTT mint fees to ACTR vault depositors — protocol activity feeding the protocol’s own token — but expressed as supply reduction instead of revenue sharing.  The slice is exact on V2 pairs: 0.07% of every trade — 24% of the 0.29% fee, enforced by a hardcoded 22/7 constant in the pair contract (verified July 2026).  On V1 pairs a fee bug hands the burn the whole fee instead — 100% of fee growth rather than 24%; see PulseX V1 vs V2 (the Fee Bug).  Worth being clear about who this pays: the burn rewards holding PLSX, not providing liquidity.  A V1 provider, a V2 provider and someone who never touches a pool all receive it in proportion to the PLSX they hold — which is why it cannot be counted as compensation for supplying V1 liquidity specifically.

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under Liquidity Pool.

The roughly-7-year Maximus Perpetual — 2,555 days per period (7 × 365), a parameter fixed at deployment (documented in the SourceHat audit).  Its first period runs to about 2029.  Between LUCKY and DECI the family covers the long tenors where HEX’s Longer Pays Better bonus does its real work.

A blockchain's main network where real transactions happen and cryptocurrency has actual value. The production environment, unlike testnets.

Total market value of a cryptocurrency, calculated as current price x circulating supply. Helps compare scale of different cryptocurrencies.

The maturity date (also called redemption day) is the specific HEX day number on which an HTT can be redeemed 1:1 for HEX.  It is encoded directly in the token symbol (e.g., HTT-3000).

This date typically aligns with (or is chosen relative to) the end-stake day of the underlying HEX stake(s).  All HTTs sharing the exact same maturity date are fully fungible with each other, regardless of which individual stakes back them.  This fungibility is what enables deep, efficient liquidity and a true yield curve across different time horizons.  One verified subtlety (from the factory’s source, 2026-07-12): a token’s symbol number is its internal maturity plus one, and redemption unlocks when the contract’s day counter reaches that internal value — so HTT-N opens for redemption at the start of contract-day N−1, one calendar day earlier than a naive reading of the symbol suggests.  Every date on this site uses the verified redemption-opening moment

Another name for the same thing — the full definition lives under Maturity Date.

⚠ Modeled by hexbonds — unverified analysis, not an observed practice.  Keep an LP position open through the weeks after a redemption day, when the HTT is redeemable at par, to harvest holders who sell slightly below par rather than redeem — then withdraw and redeem the accumulated HTTs yourself at exactly 1:1.  Full entry, strategy L5, on the Actuator Strategies page.

Capture HEX’s Longer-Pays-Better and Bigger-Pays-Better bonuses that holders used to refuse out of lock-up fear: with HTTs as a penalty-free liquidity valve, practitioners argue the rational default becomes maximum-length stakes, always created as HSIs.  Full entry, strategy S2, on the Actuator Strategies page.

A community protocol (2022) that pools many people’s HEX into single giant shared stakes and issues a token representing a slice — MAXI is the 5,555-day flagship, with siblings like DECI (3,696 days) and TRIO (1,111 days).  It solves the same illiquidity problem Actuator does, but differently: Maximus sells you a share of one fixed communal stake, while Actuator lets you keep your own stake and mint HTTs against it.  MAXI and DECI appear alongside HTTs in the PHUX ‘Hex Time Complex’ pool.  The founding numbers: in a 14-day window in April 2022, 5,330 people pooled 294 million HEX — past the 150 million that maxes Bigger Pays Better — into one 5,555-day stake running to roughly 2037.  The contract simply has no early exit; burning MAXI after stake end redeems principal, yield, and the treasury’s minted Hedron.  The rolling-term siblings live under Maximus Perpetuals.  The whole family are dual-chain tokens — minted on Ethereum before the fork, so identical copies trade on both chains.

The four rolling pooled-stake tokens from Maximus, launched September 2022 with over 800 million HEX pooled: BASE (≈1 year), TRIO (≈3 years), LUCKY (≈7 years), and DECI (≈10 years).  The cycle: a mint phase issues 1 token per 1 HEX; the pool stakes for its designated length; when the stake ends, a Reload Phase opens (7 days for BASE and TRIO, 14 for LUCKY and DECI) in which you can redeem (burn tokens for the pool’s HEX at the new backing rate), hold (ride into the next period, auto-compounding), or mint fresh tokens at that same rate — then the next stake begins and the cycle repeats forever.  Pooling this size maxes Bigger Pays Better and splits one gas bill thousands of ways.  The contracts are immutable with no admin keys and were audited by SourceHat (formerly Solidity.finance) — report published September 21, 2022, no findings identified (Perpetuals audit, staking audit).

A trading approach — commonly called "mean reversion" — based on the idea that a price, or an HTT's discount to HEX, tends to drift back toward its average after reaching an extreme. Traders buy what looks cheap relative to the norm and sell what looks rich. High-skill and risky; not financial advice.

Every node’s waiting room: signed transactions sit here until a block includes them.  A transaction ‘stuck’ during an RPC outage usually isn’t lost — it queues unseen while sick gateways hide it, then confirms in a burst the moment routes heal.  PulseChain: the July 15, 2026 storm proved it — the backlog from the blind hours cleared within a few blocks once gateways recovered; the chain itself never stopped.