[{"path":"/","title":"Home","description":"The definitive educational resource for Actuator.Finance — HEX Time Tokens, ACTR farming, and the PulseChain yield curve.","type":"page"},{"path":"/how-it-works","title":"How It Works","description":"How Actuator.Finance works: HTT minting, redemption, liquidity, and the yield curve.","type":"page"},{"path":"/guides","title":"Guides","description":"Step-by-step guides for Actuator.Finance: minting HTTs, farming ACTR, trading the yield curve.","type":"page"},{"path":"/videos","title":"Videos","description":"Educational videos about Actuator.Finance, HEX, and PulseChain.","type":"page"},{"path":"/tokenomics","title":"Tokenomics","description":"ACTR tokenomics, emission schedule, farming pools, and vault mechanics.","type":"page"},{"path":"/manual","title":"Actuator Manual","description":"A comprehensive manual covering Actuator.Finance mechanics, strategies, and concepts.","type":"page"},{"path":"/what-is-crypto","title":"What Is Crypto?","description":"A beginner-friendly guide to cryptocurrency: from Bitcoin to Ethereum to HEX to PulseChain and Actuator.","type":"page"},{"path":"/security","title":"Security","description":"Security best practices for crypto, self-custody, and avoiding scams.","type":"page"},{"path":"/browsers","title":"Browsers","description":"Recommended browsers for accessing crypto websites and DeFi applications.","type":"page"},{"path":"/wallets","title":"Wallets","description":"Recommended wallets for PulseChain, HEX, and Actuator.Finance.","type":"page"},{"path":"/seedphrase","title":"Seed Phrase","description":"How to create, store, and protect your crypto seed phrase.","type":"page"},{"path":"/start","title":"Start Here","description":"Five reader paths through the site by goal — new to crypto, know crypto, know HEX, fixed income, or just the numbers.","type":"page"},{"path":"/glossary","title":"Glossary","description":"Glossary of terms used in Actuator.Finance and the PulseChain ecosystem.","type":"page"},{"path":"/risks","title":"Risks","description":"Risks and considerations for Actuator.Finance, HTTs, and DeFi participation.","type":"page"},{"path":"/due-diligence","title":"Due Diligence","description":"HTTs for fixed-income professionals: the live curve with YTM, pool depth, the redemption record, settlement waterfall, census, and who controls what — every figure dated.","type":"page"},{"path":"/strategies","title":"Actuator Strategies","description":"Every documented way to increase yield with Actuator — 30 sourced strategies plus 7 modeled ones, each stress-tested, with dated observations, desk names, and honest caveats.","type":"page"},{"path":"/sources","title":"Sources","description":"The bibliography behind hexbonds.com: every named source — the protocol, both auditors, educators, outside voices and critics — with what each is cited for.","type":"page"},{"path":"/docs","title":"Official Docs","description":"Official Actuator.Finance documentation embedded for easy reference.","type":"page"},{"path":"/community","title":"Community","description":"PulseChain, HEX, and Actuator ecosystem influencers, content creators, and key figures — complete directory.","type":"page"},{"path":"/pulsechain-tokens","title":"PulseChain Tokens","description":"The major PulseChain and HEX-ecosystem tokens — PLS, PLSX, HEX, HDRN, ICSA, INC, ACTR, and Actuator HEX Time Tokens (HTT-7000 to HTT-3000) — what each one is, with links to official sources. Always verify contract addresses yourself.","type":"reference"},{"path":"/concepts/hex-staking","title":"HEX Staking","description":"How HEX staking works — lock HEX for 1–5555 days to earn interest in more HEX, how T-Shares and the Longer/Bigger Pays Better bonuses work, penalties, and how staking connects to Actuator HTTs.","type":"reference"},{"path":"/concepts/staking-ladder","title":"Staking Ladder","description":"The HEX staking ladder strategy — split HEX into staggered end-dates (like a bond/CD ladder) for regular liquidity, lower timing risk, and easier reinvestment, and how it maps to the Actuator yield curve.","type":"reference"},{"path":"/concepts/mean-regression-trading","title":"Mean Regression Trading","description":"Mean regression / mean reversion trading explained — the idea that prices and an HTT discount to HEX drift back toward an average after extremes, how it applies to the Actuator yield curve, and the real risks.","type":"reference"},{"path":"/concepts/smart-contracts","title":"Smart Contracts","description":"What a smart contract is, why immutable automated code is the reason DeFi exists, and how HEX and Actuator keep working with no one in charge — no admin keys, plus the IPFS front-end. The honest catch: permanent cuts both ways.","type":"reference"},{"path":"/guides/actr-vaults","title":"Understanding ACTR Vaults","description":"Learn how ACTR Vaults work — deposit ACTR, earn HTT rewards, and recapture minting fees","type":"guide"},{"path":"/guides/buying-htts","title":"How to Buy Your First HTT","description":"Step-by-step guide to buying a discounted HEX Time Token — read the dashboard, pick a maturity, verify the token address, and swap safely on PulseX.","type":"guide"},{"path":"/guides/crypto-inheritance","title":"Crypto Inheritance — a Plan Your Heirs Can Execute","description":"Self-custody dies with the key-holder unless you plan — the letter-of-instruction pattern, Shamir shares across heirs, the practice run, and what the common shortcuts cost","type":"guide"},{"path":"/guides/evaluate-a-portfolio-tracker","title":"How to Evaluate a Portfolio Tracker","description":"The trade-offs portfolio trackers don't advertise — what a server learns, where fees hide, why a swap button changes everything, and the trust signals a clone can't fake.","type":"guide"},{"path":"/guides/farming-actr","title":"How to Farm ACTR","description":"Provide HTT/HEX liquidity on PulseX and deposit the LP tokens in an Actuator farm to earn ACTR — six farm pools on a fixed three-year schedule","type":"guide"},{"path":"/guides/hex-staking-frontends","title":"Non-Official HEX Staking Frontends","description":"Third-party apps for staking HEX — Actuator, STAKEHOUSE, Icosa, Staker App, TShare.app, and more — what each is, who runs it, whether it's live, and how to vet any frontend before you trust it. Credit, not endorsement.","type":"guide"},{"path":"/guides/ipfs-decentralized-access","title":"IPFS: Decentralized Access to HEX","description":"How the HEX app stays reachable through IPFS if official websites go down, for as long as a copy stays pinned — the IPFS hash, gateway links, the desktop download, and what each depends on","type":"guide"},{"path":"/guides/mac-crypto-setup","title":"How to Set Up Your Mac for Crypto Security","description":"Step-by-step hardening of a MacBook for crypto — Apple Silicon check, fresh start, non-admin account, FileVault, Lockdown Mode, and the appliance discipline","type":"guide"},{"path":"/guides/minting-htts","title":"How to Mint HEX Time Tokens (HTTs)","description":"Step-by-step guide to minting HEX Time Tokens on Actuator — create or delegate a Portable HEX Stake, choose a redemption day, confirm the mint","type":"guide"},{"path":"/guides/physical-security-opsec","title":"Physical Security & OPSEC for Crypto Holders","description":"Physical attacks are targeted — KYC-leak lessons, home practices, the wrench-attack answer, border crossings, and what changes when a home address leaks","type":"guide"},{"path":"/guides/reading-hex-from-the-source","title":"Reading HEX from the Source","description":"The HEX contract explained from its explorer-verified source — stakes, payouts, penalties. Plain language, the key numbers cited to their line in the source, and the deployed bytecode confirmed identical on Ethereum and PulseChain.","type":"guide"},{"path":"/guides/redeeming-htts","title":"How to Redeem HEX Time Tokens (HTTs)","description":"Redeem HTTs 1:1 for HEX on or after their day — a right with no deadline, the two clocks people confuse, and what exiting early really costs","type":"guide"},{"path":"/guides/security-checklist","title":"The Security Checklist: What to Do, in What Order","description":"One free day, all bases covered — the shopping list to gather first, then every security step in dependency order, each linking to the page that owns the details","type":"guide"},{"path":"/guides/understanding-yield-curve","title":"Understanding the HTT Yield Curve","description":"How the market prices each HEX Time Token maturity — why a bigger discount is not a higher yield, why the curve can run inverted, and which curve trades actually exist for HTTs","type":"guide"},{"path":"/guides/wallet-backup-standards","title":"Wallet Backup Standards: SLIP-39 and 24-Word BIP-39, with a Passphrase","description":"The two backup standards and how to create each on a Trezor — SLIP-39 multi-share, 24-word BIP-39, the passphrase that stacks on both, and the 33-word command-line expert path","type":"guide"},{"path":"/guides/windows-crypto-setup","title":"How to Set Up Your Windows PC for Crypto Security","description":"Step-by-step hardening of a Windows PC for crypto — Windows 11 check, clean install, standard account, BitLocker, Defender and Smart App Control, appliance discipline","type":"guide"},{"path":"/glossary#thin-pool","title":"Thin Pool","description":"A trading pool small enough that your own order moves the price against you. It is a statement about transaction size, not about the token: every HTT is backed by a real HEX stake whatever its pool ho","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#htt-hex-time-token","title":"HTT (HEX Time Token)","description":"A HEX Time Token (HTT) is a PulseChain token that redeems 1:1 for one HEX on a fixed future HEX day, minted against a HEX stake through Actuator. It is a PRC-20 token (PulseChain’s equivalent of an ER","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#actr-actuator-token","title":"ACTR (Actuator Token)","description":"ACTR is the native reward and revenue-sharing token of the Actuator protocol — the official docs describe it as “the revenue sharing token for Actuator.” It is not a governance token: the contracts ar","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#hsi-hex-stake-instance","title":"HSI (HEX Stake Instance)","description":"An HSI is a small dedicated contract that holds exactly one HEX stake, created through Hedron’s HEX Stake Instance Manager — the stake is born inside it. Hedron introduced it, and it serves as the fou","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#hsitransfer","title":"HSITransfer","description":"The one event in Hedron’s HEX Stake Instance Manager that moves a plain (untokenized) HSI from one owner to another. In the deployed source, only the Hedron contract may call the function behind it, a","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#hextimetokenmanager-httm","title":"HEXTimeTokenManager (HTTM)","description":"The HEXTimeTokenManager is the single immutable smart contract at the center of Actuator. It holds every delegated HSI, calculates each stake’s extractable value, mints and retires HTTs, and — via its","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#maturity-date","title":"Maturity Date","description":"The maturity date (also called redemption day) is the specific HEX day number on which an HTT can be redeemed 1:1 for HEX. It is encoded directly in the token symbol (e.g., HTT-3000).","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#yield-curve","title":"Yield Curve","description":"The Yield Curve in the Actuator ecosystem describes the relationship between an HTT’s time-to-maturity and its market price (expressed as a discount to 1 HEX).","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#delegation","title":"Delegation","description":"Delegation is the process of transferring control of a Hedron HSI to the Actuator smart contract. Once delegated, the protocol can calculate extractable value and mint HTTs against that stake.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#due-diligence","title":"Due Diligence","description":"Due diligence is the homework you do before trusting something with your money — the deliberate, unglamorous checking of facts before a decision, instead of after a loss. The phrase comes from securit","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#darvo","title":"DARVO","description":"DARVO stands for Deny, Attack, and Reverse Victim and Offender — a pattern named by psychologist Jennifer Freyd in 1997 to describe how someone responds when confronted about their own behavior. They ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#utc-time","title":"UTC Time","description":"UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) is the world’s zero-offset reference clock — no time zone, no daylight saving, the same moment everywhere. It matters here because every HEX day — and therefore every ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#custom-day-htt","title":"Custom-Day HTT","description":"An HTT whose maturity is not one of the protocol’s standard round-number dates. The Actuator interface supports the x000 maturities automatically, but the HEXTimeTokenManager accepts any future HEX da","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#redemption","title":"Redemption","description":"Redemption is the process of burning HTTs after (or around) their maturity date in exchange for the corresponding amount of HEX from the underlying stake(s).","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#lp-liquidity-provider","title":"LP (Liquidity Provider)","description":"An LP in this context is someone who deposits a pair of assets (typically a specific HTT maturity + HEX) into a liquidity pool on PulseX, receives LP tokens, and then stakes those LP tokens into Actua","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#pulsechain","title":"PulseChain","description":"PulseChain is a hard fork of Ethereum, a Layer-1 blockchain created by Richard Heart (the creator of HEX): it shares Ethereum’s genesis block and its whole history, and changed the rules at block 17,2","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#oa-origin-address","title":"OA (Origin Address)","description":"The Origin Address is the address holding the great majority of PLS, PulseChain’s native coin — a pattern inherited from HEX, whose own OA has held roughly 90% of that token’s supply since 2019 and, p","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#sacrifice","title":"Sacrifice","description":"A sacrifice is the launch structure used across the Richard Heart ecosystem: instead of selling tokens, the project invites people to give crypto away as a political statement, under the explicit term","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#plsx-pulsex-token","title":"PLSX (PulseX Token)","description":"PLSX is the native token of PulseX, PulseChain’s primary decentralized exchange. It launched through a sacrifice (late 2021–February 2022) dedicated, in Richard Heart’s pairing, to “freedom of movemen","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#provex-prvx","title":"ProveX (PRVX)","description":"ProveX is the newest project in the Richard Heart ecosystem — “privacy-first payments infrastructure” whose stated aim is to replace the crypto exchange itself. The mechanism, per provex.com: a seller","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#coinmarketcap-com-case","title":"Coinmarketcap.com Case","description":"In September 2021, HEX holder Ryan Cox filed a proposed class action in federal court in Arizona against CoinMarketCap, Binance.US, and Binance’s foreign parent and officers — Cox v. CoinMarketCap OpC","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#richard-heart-vs-the-sec-2023-2025","title":"Richard Heart vs. the SEC (2023–2025)","description":"On July 31, 2023, the SEC sued Richard Heart and three unincorporated entities he controls — Hex, PulseChain, and PulseX — in the Eastern District of New York — officially SEC v. Schueler, No. 1:23-cv","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#pulsex-plsx","title":"PulseX (PLSX)","description":"PulseX is the primary decentralized exchange (DEX) on PulseChain, similar to Uniswap on Ethereum. It is an Automated Market Maker (AMM) that allows users to swap tokens directly from their wallets wit","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#pulsex-v1-vs-v2-the-fee-bug","title":"PulseX V1 vs V2 (the Fee Bug)","description":"PulseX has run two versions of its exchange, and the reason is a one-line bug. Both versions charge the identical 0.29% swap fee — this site read the same constant out of both routers' on-chain math (","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#protocol-fee-skim-feeto","title":"Protocol Fee Skim (feeTo)","description":"How a V2-family DEX actually collects the protocol's cut of trading fees — not per trade, but in occasional skims. Swap fees accumulate inside the pool itself: every trade leaves its 0.29% behind, so ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#phux","title":"PHUX","description":"PHUX (“Pulse & HEX Universe Xchange”) is a decentralized exchange on PulseChain built as a fork of Balancer V2. Where PulseX pairs exactly two tokens at 50/50 value, PHUX supports weighted, multi-toke","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#hex","title":"HEX","description":"HEX is a time-deposit cryptocurrency created by Richard Heart and launched in December 2019. It functions like a decentralized certificate of deposit: users stake HEX for a chosen number of days and e","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#hedron","title":"Hedron","description":"Hedron is the protocol that first made HEX stakes portable as HSIs (self-contained stake contracts, tokenizable as NFTs). It lets users start HEX stakes inside portable, composable contracts while pre","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#t-share","title":"T-Share","description":"A T-Share is one trillion stake shares — HEX’s internal unit of account for stake size and power. When you stake HEX, the contract calculates how many T-Shares your position is worth based on the amou","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#t-share-year","title":"T-Share Year","description":"A T-Share Year is one T-Share held for one remaining year of stake life — the product of T-Shares × years remaining on the stakes that hold them. The term (in full, “T-Share Lifespan in Years”) was co","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#all-in-rank-hexfire-io","title":"All-in Rank (HexFire.io)","description":"The All-in Rank is the live leaderboard panel on Chrispy’s HexFire.io that measures wallets by T-Share Years rather than raw T-Share count. Paste any addresses in and it reports the stakes’ remaining ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#therealgodwhale","title":"TheRealGodWhale","description":"TheRealGodWhale is the community’s name for the largest known individual HEX staker — an anonymous wallet famous not for its size alone but for its conduct: maximum-length time locks, buying through d","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#amplification","title":"Amplification","description":"Amplification (also called recursive staking) is an advanced Actuator strategy for increasing your T-Share exposure without adding new outside capital. The core loop is: stake HEX → mint HTTs against ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#hexfire-io","title":"HexFire.io","description":"HexFire (HEXFIRE.io; host known as “Chrispy”) is a community educator in the HEX, PulseChain, and Actuator ecosystem. HexFire produces livestreams and walk-through videos covering HEX staking, HTT min","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#c3works-c3","title":"C3Works (\"C3\")","description":"C3Works is a co-founder of the Actuator protocol. Before crypto he spent his career in traditional finance — trading and sales for institutional bonds from the mid-1990s, on Wall Street through the 20","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#ees-early-end-stake","title":"EES (Early End Stake)","description":"An Early End Stake (EES) is ending a HEX stake before its scheduled end date. HEX charges a real penalty for it: the penalty is figured on roughly half your committed term (with a 90-day minimum), so ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#oa-early-end-stake","title":"OA & Early End Stake","description":"When anyone unstakes early, the penalty HEX doesn’t vanish — it is paid out, and the HEX whitepaper says exactly where: “The Origin is paid ½ of all HEX reclaimed by penalties (the other half going to","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#good-accounting","title":"Good Accounting","description":"Good Accounting (the HEX contract’s stakeGoodAccounting function) lets anyone settle the books on any stake once its term is complete — the call fails on a stake that isn’t mature. It computes the sta","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#quatro-cinco","title":"Quatro Cinco","description":"A “Quatro Cinco” (community spelling of the Spanish/Portuguese for “four-five”) is community shorthand for a HEX stake of 5,555 days — roughly 15.2 years. The end date is calculated as today’s HEX day","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#super-bonds","title":"Super Bonds","description":"A community term for what HEX Time Tokens (HTTs) really are: bond-like instruments that trade as a stream of future value, but without the counterparty risk of a traditional bond. A normal bond (e.g. ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#heloc-hex-equity-line-of-credit","title":"HELOC (HEX Equity Line of Credit)","description":"A borrowing analogy for Actuator. A traditional HELOC (Home Equity Line of Credit) lets you borrow against your home’s equity without selling it. Actuator works similarly for a HEX stake: by minting a","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#vault-actuator","title":"Vault (Actuator)","description":"An Actuator vault is a fee-distribution mechanism — NOT an auto-compounding vault. You deposit (“vault”) ACTR for a specific HTT maturity and earn a pro-rata share of the 1% fee charged whenever that ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#farm-actuator","title":"Farm (Actuator)","description":"An Actuator farm is a MasterChef-style contract that rewards liquidity providers with ACTR. Six farm pools were fixed at deployment (HTT-3000 through HTT-8000, spaced 1,000 days apart), with ACTR weig","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#hexsearch-io","title":"HEXSearch.io","description":"A community-built search engine over Richard Heart’s YouTube transcripts — every word from 200 videos, indexed down to the second, built by @caj622. Type a phrase and it lists each video and moment wh","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#portfolio-tracker","title":"Portfolio Tracker","description":"A website or app that takes an address — or a wallet connection — and shows what it holds: tokens, liquidity positions, HEX stakes, priced in one place. The architecture matters more than the interfac","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#farm-switch","title":"Farm Switch","description":"The annual October 9 changeover in Actuator’s farms, fixed in the farm contract at deployment: yearly ACTR emissions step down (350M → 250M → 150M across the three years from October 9, 2024) and the ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#icosa","title":"ICOSA","description":"A token/protocol in the HEX ecosystem built on top of Hedron. After you mint HDRN against a HEX stake, you can stake that HDRN in the Icosa dApp (app.icosa.pro) to earn ICSA as yield (ICSA is the toke","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#escrow-end-stake-reserve","title":"Escrow (End-Stake Reserve)","description":"In Actuator, the rewards a stake accrues during the final 10% of its life are held in escrow and cannot be minted as HTTs — for a 3,000-day stake, that is roughly the last 300 days of rewards. This re","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#end-stake-subsidy","title":"End-Stake Subsidy","description":"The reward paid to whoever ends a delegated stake that its owner left running past an HTT maturity — the machine that fills the redemption pool without anyone’s goodwill. Verified in the HEXTimeTokenM","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#curve-trade","title":"Curve Trade","description":"Trading one HTT maturity for another to express a view on the HEX yield curve rather than on HEX’s price. Because all HTTs converge to 1 HEX at redemption, a trader can sell a relatively expensive mat","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#convergence","title":"Convergence","description":"The expected drift of an HTT’s price from its current discount up toward 1 HEX as its redemption day approaches. At maturity, 1 HTT redeems for exactly 1 HEX — a right that never expires (see Redempti","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#recursive-staking","title":"Recursive Staking","description":"Another name for Amplification: the loop of staking HEX, minting HTTs against the stake, swapping them for HEX, and restaking — repeated to accumulate more T-Shares from the same starting capital. See","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#rls-row-level-security","title":"RLS (Row Level Security)","description":"Row Level Security is a PostgreSQL database feature (popularized by hosted platforms like Supabase) that enforces access rules at the level of individual table rows: each user can read or modify only ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#crypto-bonds","title":"Crypto Bonds","description":"Crypto bonds are on-chain instruments that behave like bonds — a fixed maturity, bought at a discount, full value at the end — but are enforced by smart contracts rather than owed by an issuer (see Is","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#12-24-word-backup","title":"12 & 24-Word Backup","description":"A list of 12 or 24 words that encodes your wallet’s master key — write the words down, in order, and you can restore every account the wallet controls on any compatible device. The format is the BIP39","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#20-word-backup","title":"20-Word Backup","description":"A list of 20 words that encodes your wallet’s master key — like the 12/24-word format, writing them down lets you restore everything, but this newer SLIP39 standard adds flexible options: Single-share","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#airdrop","title":"Airdrop","description":"A distribution method where free tokens or coins are sent to users' wallets. Often based on criteria like holding a particular cryptocurrency or participating in a community.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#altcoin","title":"Altcoin","description":"Any cryptocurrency other than Bitcoin, such as Ethereum, Solana, or Ripple. Altcoins represent alternative blockchain projects offering modifications or improvements over Bitcoin's original design.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#authentication","title":"Authentication","description":"A way to prove your identity when logging in to an online account. With Trezor, you can use the device as a form of two-factor authentication (2FA) via FIDO2 or U2F standards, confirming logins by phy","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#bitcoin-btc","title":"Bitcoin (BTC)","description":"A decentralized digital currency that enables peer-to-peer transactions without a central authority. Uses Proof-of-Work consensus where miners validate transactions and secure the network.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#block","title":"Block","description":"A group of transactions added to the blockchain together. Each block links to the previous block with a cryptographic hash, forming an unbroken chain.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#blockchain","title":"Blockchain","description":"A public record of transactions stored as a chain of blocks. Each new block is linked to the previous one using cryptography, making the history secure and immutable.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#blockchain-trilemma","title":"Blockchain Trilemma","description":"A framework for how blockchains balance three properties: decentralization, security, and scalability. Improving one often weakens another.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#block-explorer","title":"Block Explorer","description":"An online tool that allows users to view and search the contents of a blockchain, including transactions, blocks, wallet balances, and network statistics. The two used throughout this site: scan.pulse","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#block-height","title":"Block Height","description":"The number of blocks added to the blockchain since the genesis block. Used to track blockchain growth, reference transaction confirmations, and measure network progress.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#block-reward","title":"Block Reward","description":"The amount of cryptocurrency awarded to a miner for successfully adding a new block. Comprises newly minted coins and transaction fees.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#block-size","title":"Block Size","description":"The amount of data a block can hold. Bitcoin has a 1 MB limit. Larger blocks allow more transactions but increase storage and network requirements.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#bootloader","title":"Bootloader","description":"A core security program that runs during Trezor startup. Verifies the firmware digital signature to ensure it is trusted software from Trezor.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#burn","title":"Burn","description":"Permanently removing tokens from supply; the proof of a burn is that the token’s totalSupply goes down (a transfer to the zero address alone does not prove one). Used to reduce supply or manage token ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#cashaddr","title":"CashAddr","description":"Address format used by Bitcoin Cash (BCH) to improve readability and reduce errors. Includes a prefix (bitcoincash:) and different encoding from legacy Bitcoin addresses.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#cex-centralized-exchange","title":"CEX (Centralized Exchange)","description":"An exchange run by a company that holds customer funds while it matches buyers and sellers. You deposit coins, the exchange credits a balance in its own database, and every trade after that moves numb","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#change-address","title":"Change Address","description":"A new address automatically generated by your wallet to receive leftover funds from a transaction. Enhances privacy and is standard in UTXO-based networks.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#coin-control","title":"Coin Control","description":"A feature that lets you choose which specific coins (UTXOs) to spend when making a transaction. Helps with fee optimization and privacy strategies.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#cold-storage","title":"Cold Storage","description":"Keeping keys that were generated offline and stay offline — a hardware wallet, or a seed that has never touched an internet-connected device. Cold is about where the keys live, not which app displays ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#consensus-algorithm","title":"Consensus Algorithm","description":"A method used by blockchain networks to agree on a single version of the ledger. Popular models include Proof of Work, Proof of Stake, and hybrid approaches. PulseChain: Proof of Stake with its own be","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#contract-address","title":"Contract Address","description":"The unique on-chain address where a smart contract is deployed. Public and network-specific. Always verify from a trusted source before interacting.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#cryptocurrency","title":"Cryptocurrency","description":"Digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security and operates independently of a central bank. Bitcoin was the first implementation.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#cryptography","title":"Cryptography","description":"The practice of using mathematical techniques to secure information. In crypto, ensures confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of transactions through public-key cryptography, hashing, and digit","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#custodial-wallet","title":"Custodial Wallet","description":"A wallet where a third party holds and manages private keys on your behalf. Offers convenience but introduces counterparty risk.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#decentralization","title":"Decentralization","description":"The distribution of power away from a central authority. In blockchain, control is distributed across a network of nodes, enhancing security, resilience, and transparency.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#dao-decentralized-autonomous-organization","title":"DAO (Decentralized Autonomous Organization)","description":"An organization governed by smart contracts and community voting. Members hold tokens representing voting power, and proposals execute programmatically once consensus is reached.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#dapp-decentralized-application","title":"dApp (Decentralized Application)","description":"An application that runs on a decentralized network like a blockchain. Open-source, autonomous, and interacts with blockchain data for trustless execution.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#dex-decentralized-exchange","title":"DEX (Decentralized Exchange)","description":"An exchange operating without a central authority, enabling peer-to-peer trading directly from users' wallets via smart contracts. Uses AMMs or order books. PulseChain: the flagship is PulseX; every H","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#defi-decentralized-finance","title":"DeFi (Decentralized Finance)","description":"Financial services built on blockchain that operate without intermediaries like banks. Replicates lending, borrowing, and trading using smart contracts on public blockchains.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#double-spend","title":"Double Spend","description":"The risk of the same cryptocurrency being spent more than once before confirmation. Blockchain prevents this through validation and consensus mechanisms.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#ethereum-eth","title":"Ethereum (ETH)","description":"A blockchain platform supporting Turing-complete smart contracts and dApps. Transitioned from PoW to PoS on September 15, 2022 via \"The Merge.\" PulseChain: the chain PulseChain full-state forked in Ma","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#evm-ethereum-virtual-machine","title":"EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine)","description":"The system that executes smart contracts on Ethereum. EVM-compatible chains follow the same rules, allowing same contracts and token standards (ERC-20) across networks. PulseChain: runs the identical ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#exchange","title":"Exchange","description":"A marketplace where buyers and sellers trade one asset for another — crypto for crypto, or crypto for fiat currency. Exchanges come in two shapes, and the difference is custody rather than the screen:","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#fiat-currency","title":"Fiat Currency","description":"Government-issued currency (USD, EUR) not backed by a physical commodity. Centralized and subject to monetary policy, inflation, and regulatory oversight.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#firmware","title":"Firmware","description":"The program that operates a hardware device's core functions. In Trezor, handles transaction verification, key protection, and secure display. Each release is digitally signed.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#fud","title":"FUD","description":"Acronym for Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt. Negative or misleading information intended to create fear among investors, leading to panic selling and market instability.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#gas","title":"Gas","description":"The fee required to perform transactions or execute smart contracts on Ethereum. Represents computational effort, paid in ETH. On PulseChain gas is paid in PLS and typically costs fractions of a cent ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#halving","title":"Halving","description":"A periodic Bitcoin event where the block reward is reduced by half, approximately every 210,000 blocks (roughly 4 years). Deflationary mechanism slowing new bitcoin creation.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#haptic-feedback","title":"Haptic Feedback","description":"Physical vibration or touch response when interacting with a device. In hardware wallets, provides additional confirmation channel for critical actions.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#hard-fork","title":"Hard Fork","description":"A permanent divergence in blockchain protocol resulting in two separate chains. Not backward-compatible, requiring community consensus to determine which chain is maintained. PulseChain: is itself the","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#hash","title":"Hash","description":"The output of a cryptographic hash function (such as SHA-256). Fixed-length string highly sensitive to input changes, fundamental for data integrity and linking blocks.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#hodl","title":"HODL","description":"A term derived from a misspelling of \"hold.\" Implies resisting the urge to sell during market fluctuations, based on belief that value will appreciate over time.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#hot-wallet","title":"Hot Wallet","description":"An online wallet connected to the internet. Offers convenience for frequent transactions but more vulnerable to cyber threats.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#kyc-know-your-customer","title":"KYC (Know Your Customer)","description":"The identity checks a regulated firm (a broker, a bank or a centralized exchange) runs before it opens an account. A smart contract itself runs none: it serves any wallet that sends a valid transactio","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#layer-2","title":"Layer 2","description":"Secondary protocols built on top of a base blockchain (Layer 1) to improve scalability and speed. Examples: Lightning Network for Bitcoin, rollups on Ethereum. PulseChain: has no Layer-2 ecosystem — i","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#ledger","title":"Ledger","description":"A record-keeping system where all blockchain transactions are stored and verified across the network. Decentralized with no single point of failure.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#liquidity","title":"Liquidity","description":"A measure of how easily an asset can be bought or sold without significantly affecting its price. High liquidity means stable prices; low liquidity means volatility and slippage.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#mainnet","title":"Mainnet","description":"A blockchain's main network where real transactions happen and cryptocurrency has actual value. The production environment, unlike testnets.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#market-cap","title":"Market Cap","description":"Total market value of a cryptocurrency, calculated as current price x circulating supply. Helps compare scale of different cryptocurrencies.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#merkle-tree","title":"Merkle Tree","description":"A data structure used to efficiently verify integrity of large datasets in blockchains. Binary tree where each leaf is a hash of transaction data.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#mining","title":"Mining","description":"The process of confirming transactions and writing them to the blockchain. Miners use computational power to solve cryptographic puzzles, receiving block rewards and fees.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#mining-pool","title":"Mining Pool","description":"A group of miners combining computational resources to increase likelihood of mining blocks. Rewards distributed according to contributed hash rate.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#multi-share-backup","title":"Multi-share Backup","description":"A backup method splitting your wallet backup into multiple shares, requiring a threshold number to restore. Distributes shares between locations for enhanced security.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#nft-non-fungible-token","title":"NFT (Non-Fungible Token)","description":"A unique digital asset representing ownership of a specific item. Cryptographic tokens conforming to ERC-721 or ERC-1155 standards. PulseChain: identical standard (PRC-721) — but remember NFTs were co","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#node","title":"Node","description":"A computer that runs a network’s software and shares its data — on a blockchain, validating and relaying transactions and blocks; on IPFS, storing and serving files. Full nodes keep a complete copy.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#nonce","title":"Nonce","description":"A value used exactly once in a cryptographic process to ensure each operation is unique and prevent replay attacks. In PoW, miners change the nonce to produce valid block hashes. Separately, every acc","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#non-custodial-wallet","title":"Non-Custodial Wallet","description":"A wallet where the user has full control over private keys and funds. Self-sovereign model enhancing security but placing full responsibility on the user.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#on-device-entry","title":"On-device Entry","description":"Entering sensitive information (PIN, passphrase, wallet backup) directly on your Trezor screen instead of computer or phone, keeping it safe from malware and keyloggers.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#open-source","title":"Open Source","description":"Code that is publicly available for anyone to view, use, or improve. Trezor firmware and software are open-source, allowing independent security audits.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#passphrase","title":"Passphrase","description":"A seed phrase is the input to a hash function that turns its words into one master key, and from that key the wallet derives its addresses out of a vast space of possible ones. A passphrase is part of","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#pin","title":"PIN","description":"A short numeric code to lock and unlock your Trezor. Trezor implements exponential backoff: every incorrect attempt increases waiting time, making brute-force impractical.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#private-key","title":"Private Key","description":"A secret alphanumeric code that controls your wallet. Represented as a wallet backup (recovery seed) in human-readable form. Compromise leads to loss of funds. PulseChain: one key signs on both chains","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#proof-of-history-poh","title":"Proof of History (PoH)","description":"A consensus mechanism using cryptographic timestamps to prove order and passage of time. Used by Solana for fast transaction ordering.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#proof-of-stake-pos","title":"Proof of Stake (PoS)","description":"A consensus mechanism where validators lock up cryptocurrency as collateral. Probability of being chosen is proportional to amount staked. PulseChain: this is PulseChain's own consensus — validators s","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#proof-of-work-pow","title":"Proof of Work (PoW)","description":"A consensus mechanism where miners compete to solve cryptographic puzzles. Deters attacks by making them prohibitively expensive.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#public-key","title":"Public Key","description":"A cryptographic code derived from the private key, shared publicly to receive transactions. Hashed to create a wallet address for improved security.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#quantum-threat","title":"Quantum Threat","description":"The risk that future quantum computers could break the cryptography securing blockchains, potentially revealing private keys from public keys.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#rug-pull","title":"Rug Pull","description":"A scam where developers abruptly withdraw all funds from a project, leaving investors with worthless tokens. Exploits investor trust and anonymous nature of crypto projects.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#satoshi-sat","title":"Satoshi (sat)","description":"The smallest unit of bitcoin, equal to 0.00000001 BTC (one hundred millionth of a bitcoin). Named after Bitcoin's creator.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#secure-element","title":"Secure Element","description":"A tamper-resistant chip storing secrets and enforcing access controls. In Trezor Safe devices, enforces PIN protection and verifies device authenticity.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#shamir-backup-slip39","title":"Shamir Backup (SLIP39)","description":"Splits your wallet backup into multiple mathematically linked shares (20-word shares for 128-bit seeds, 33-word for 256-bit); you choose how many exist and how many are needed to recover — say, 2-of-3","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#sharding","title":"Sharding","description":"A scalability solution dividing a blockchain into smaller partitions (shards) to increase throughput. Parallel processing reduces congestion but introduces cross-shard challenges.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#single-share-backup","title":"Single-share Backup","description":"The default 20-word wallet backup made when setting up a new Trezor device. Contains data needed to upgrade to Multi-share Backup.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#slippage","title":"Slippage","description":"The difference between expected price and actual execution price. Most common on DEXs and AMMs. Larger trades and low liquidity increase slippage.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#smart-contract","title":"Smart Contract","description":"A program that lives on a blockchain and runs exactly as written — the same inputs always produce the same result, verified by the whole network, with no company server and no operator who can log in ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#soft-fork","title":"Soft Fork","description":"A backward-compatible protocol update. Upgraded nodes enforce new rules that older nodes recognize as valid, avoiding a chain split.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#staking","title":"Staking","description":"In general crypto usage, staking means locking up coins to help run a Proof-of-Stake network in exchange for a share of its rewards — roughly, a security deposit that pays interest. On this site ‘stak","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#testnet","title":"Testnet","description":"A blockchain network for testing and development where coins have no real value. Essential for troubleshooting, education, and preparing changes before mainnet deployment.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#throughput","title":"Throughput","description":"The number of transactions a blockchain can process per second (TPS). Influenced by block size, block time, and consensus mechanism.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#token","title":"Token","description":"A digital asset created on an existing blockchain representing various assets or utilities. Created using standardized protocols like ERC-20.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#tor","title":"Tor","description":"A privacy tool hiding internet traffic by routing through volunteer-run servers. In Trezor Suite, obfuscates wallet communications with blockchain backends.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#utxo-unspent-transaction-output","title":"UTXO (Unspent Transaction Output)","description":"A discrete unit of cryptocurrency received but not yet spent. Fundamental to how balances are calculated and coins are selected in Bitcoin and UTXO-based blockchains.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#wallet","title":"Wallet","description":"A digital tool (software, hardware, or paper) used to store, send, and receive cryptocurrencies. Manages key pairs and interacts with the blockchain. PulseChain: any EVM wallet works — add the PulseCh","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#wallet-backup","title":"Wallet Backup","description":"A human-readable list of 12, 18, 20, or 24 words encoding the cryptographic seed that generates all keys and addresses. The only way to recover access if device is lost or damaged. Follows BIP39 or SL","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#zero-coupon-bond","title":"Zero-Coupon Bond","description":"A bond that pays no periodic interest. You buy it below its face value and it redeems for the full face value at maturity — your entire return is the discount you bought at. HTTs are the crypto equiva","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#par-value-face-value","title":"Par Value (Face Value)","description":"The amount a bond repays at maturity — traditionally $1,000 per bond. For an HTT, 'par' is the full HEX it redeems for on its maturity date (1 HEX per HTT). Trading below par is a discount; above par ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#coupon-coupon-rate","title":"Coupon (Coupon Rate)","description":"The regular interest a traditional bond pays its holder, quoted as a yearly rate of face value (a 4% coupon on a $1,000 bond pays $40 per year). HTTs have no coupon — like a zero-coupon bond, all of t","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#yield-to-maturity-ytm","title":"Yield to Maturity (YTM)","description":"The total annualized return you earn if you buy a bond and hold it to maturity, combining any coupons and the gain up to par. For an HTT, YTM is the effective yield implied by its current discount and","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#yield-to-par","title":"Yield to Par","description":"An HTT's discount to 1 HEX spread evenly over the days left to its maturity and stated per year — the plain yearly pace, with no compounding: (1 ÷ price − 1) × 365 ÷ days. A token at 0.765 HEX with 52","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#discount","title":"Discount","description":"A price below a bond's face value. HTTs trade at a discount to their HEX redemption value — the further from maturity, the deeper the discount, but a deeper discount spread over more years can be a lo","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#premium","title":"Premium","description":"A price above a bond's face value. A bond or HTT trades at a premium when buyers accept a lower yield — for example when demand is high or a near-term return is especially prized. The opposite conditi","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#principal","title":"Principal","description":"The core amount a bond returns at maturity, separate from interest. In Actuator, HTTs are backed by the HEX principal locked in the underlying stake — the redemption HEX is reserved from that principa","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#duration","title":"Duration","description":"A measure of how much a bond's price moves when interest rates change — longer duration means bigger price swings. Longer-dated HTTs behave similarly: their prices are more sensitive to shifts in the ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#accrued-interest-phantom-interest","title":"Accrued Interest (Phantom Interest)","description":"Interest that builds up over time even when nothing is paid out yet. With traditional zero-coupon bonds, tax authorities may tax this unpaid 'phantom' interest each year. HEX rewards similarly accrue ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#credit-rating-credit-risk","title":"Credit Rating (Credit Risk)","description":"A grade (from agencies like S&P, Moody's, or Fitch) for how likely a bond issuer is to repay — the risk of default. HTTs carry no issuer credit risk: they are backed by HEX locked on-chain and enforce","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#issuer","title":"Issuer","description":"The government or company that sells a bond and owes repayment. HTTs have no issuer — you mint them yourself against your own HEX stake, so there is no third party who could fail to pay.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#default","title":"Default","description":"When a bond issuer fails to make its promised payments. HTTs cannot default in the credit sense — the HEX backing is locked on-chain and reserved for redemption — but the honest version of that claim ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#bond-ladder","title":"Bond Ladder","description":"An investing strategy of holding bonds that mature on staggered dates, so cash frees up periodically and risk is spread across time. You can build the same thing with HTTs by holding several maturitie","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#secondary-market","title":"Secondary Market","description":"The market where instruments are bought and sold after they are first issued, rather than from the original issuer. For HTTs, PulseX is the secondary market — where they trade against HEX and the yiel","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#fixed-income","title":"Fixed Income","description":"The asset class of bond-like investments that pay a defined, predictable return, as opposed to equities. HTTs bring a fixed-income-style instrument to crypto: a known HEX amount, on a known date.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#time-value-of-money","title":"Time Value of Money","description":"The principle that a given amount of money is worth more today than the same amount in the future, because today's money can be put to work. It is the fundamental reason zero-coupon bonds and HTTs tra","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#pull-to-par-accretion","title":"Pull to Par (Accretion)","description":"The climb of a discounted bond’s price toward its face value as the maturity date approaches. Nothing has to happen for it: on the final day the instrument is worth par, so every day that passes takes","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#discount-rate-present-value","title":"Discount Rate (Present Value)","description":"The rate that converts a future amount of money into what it is worth today; the answer is the present value. A payment of $1,000 arriving in five years, discounted at 5% a year, is worth $784 now — a","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#strips","title":"STRIPS","description":"Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities — a US Treasury programme, opened in 1985, that splits a coupon-paying bond into its individual payments so each one trades on its o","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#basis-point-bp","title":"Basis Point (bp)","description":"One hundredth of a percentage point. 100 bp is 1%, and a yield moving from 4.25% to 4.50% has moved 25 bp. Bond desks count in basis points because bond outcomes are decided in small increments and “a","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#current-yield","title":"Current Yield","description":"A bond’s annual coupon divided by its current price — the simplest yield measure and the least complete. A $1,000 bond with a 5% coupon trading at $900 has a current yield of 5.56% ($50 ÷ $900), which","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#reinvestment-risk","title":"Reinvestment Risk","description":"The risk that money paid out early has to be put back to work at a worse rate than the original investment. A bond quoted at 5% only truly returns 5% if every coupon can be reinvested at 5%; if rates ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#bid-ask-spread","title":"Bid-Ask Spread","description":"The gap between the highest price a buyer will pay and the lowest a seller will accept. It is the cost of changing your mind: buy at the ask, sell straight back at the bid, and the spread is what was ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#on-the-run-off-the-run","title":"On-the-Run / Off-the-Run","description":"In Treasuries, the on-the-run bond is the most recently issued at a given maturity — the one everyone trades — and every older issue it displaced is off-the-run. Two nearly identical bonds can trade a","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#primary-market","title":"Primary Market","description":"Where an instrument is created and sold for the first time, as against the Secondary Market where it changes hands afterwards. A government auctions new bonds in the primary market; the same bonds tra","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#convexity","title":"Convexity","description":"The curvature that Duration misses. Duration says a bond’s price moves in a straight line against yield; the real line bends, so prices rise a little more when yields fall than they drop when yields r","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#spot-rate","title":"Spot Rate","description":"The yield on a single payment arriving on a single future date, with nothing in between — the cleanest interest rate there is, because it has no coupons to reinvest and nothing to average. Building a ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#forward-rate","title":"Forward Rate","description":"The interest rate for a future stretch of time, implied today by two spot rates. If money out to three years yields 4% and money out to five yields 5%, the market is pricing the two years in between a","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#term-structure-of-interest-rates","title":"Term Structure of Interest Rates","description":"The full set of rates for one kind of instrument across every maturity available — the formal name for what a Yield Curve draws. The shape carries information: rising with maturity is the normal case,","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#barbell-and-bullet","title":"Barbell and Bullet","description":"Two alternatives to a Bond Ladder’s even spread across dates. A bullet puts everything at one maturity, which suits money that is needed on a known day. A barbell splits it between very short and very","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#yield-spread-credit-spread","title":"Yield Spread (Credit Spread)","description":"The difference between two yields, quoted in basis points. When one of them is a government bond, the gap is a credit spread — the extra return demanded for the chance the other issuer does not pay — ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#tenor","title":"Tenor","description":"How much time an instrument has left to run. Tenor is remaining life; maturity is the date it ends — a ten-year bond issued four years ago has a six-year tenor and still has its original ten-year matu","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#interest-rate-risk","title":"Interest Rate Risk","description":"The risk that the market’s required return changes while you hold the instrument, moving its price. It is symmetric and it has nothing to do with default: the bond still pays what it promised, but if ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#inverted-yield-curve","title":"Inverted Yield Curve","description":"A curve where near maturities yield more than far ones — the opposite of the usual upward slope. In government bonds it draws attention because it has preceded most recessions: it says the market expe","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#day-count-convention","title":"Day Count Convention","description":"The rule for turning a stretch of time into a fraction of a year. 30/360 treats every month as 30 days and every year as 360; ACT/365 counts actual days against a fixed 365; ACT/ACT counts actual days","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#liquidity-premium-term-premium","title":"Liquidity Premium (Term Premium)","description":"The extra yield demanded for money that is harder to get back — either because it is committed for longer (the term premium) or because the instrument itself is hard to sell (the liquidity premium). I","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#oid-original-issue-discount","title":"OID (Original Issue Discount)","description":"The tax name for a bond sold below its face value: the discount is treated as interest earned across the life of the bond rather than as a gain at the end. In the United States that interest is genera","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#callable-and-puttable-bonds","title":"Callable and Puttable Bonds","description":"A callable bond lets the issuer buy it back early, typically after rates fall and it can refinance cheaper; the option belongs to the issuer, so callable bonds pay more. A puttable bond hands the same","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#yield-to-call-yield-to-worst","title":"Yield to Call (Yield to Worst)","description":"For a callable bond, the return earned if the issuer calls it at the earliest date it may; yield to worst is the lowest outcome among all the dates it could be called, and it is the number a careful d","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#sinking-fund","title":"Sinking Fund","description":"A schedule that forces an issuer to retire part of a bond issue early, year by year, rather than repaying the whole sum on the final day. It lowers the risk that the issuer cannot find the money at th","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#indenture-covenant","title":"Indenture (Covenant)","description":"The indenture is a bond’s governing contract; the covenants are the promises the issuer makes about its own conduct — limits on new debt, on asset sales, on dividends. A trustee enforces them and, in ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#convertible-bond","title":"Convertible Bond","description":"A bond the holder can convert into the issuer’s shares at a set ratio — part fixed income, part equity option, which is why it pays a lower coupon than a straight bond of the same credit. It is a way ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#perpetual-bond-consol","title":"Perpetual Bond (Consol)","description":"A bond with no maturity date: it pays interest forever and the principal is never repaid. Britain’s consols are the classic case — the last undated gilts, carrying debt lineage back to the eighteenth ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#amortization","title":"Amortization","description":"Repaying a debt in instalments that mix interest and principal, so the balance shrinks across its life — a mortgage is the everyday case, and amortizing bonds work the same way. The opposite is a bull","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#clean-price-and-dirty-price","title":"Clean Price and Dirty Price","description":"A coupon bond’s quoted price (clean) leaves out the interest built up since the last coupon; the price actually paid (dirty, or invoice price) adds it back. The convention keeps quotes from sawtoothin","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#investment-grade-junk-bond","title":"Investment Grade (Junk Bond)","description":"The line the rating agencies draw: BBB−/Baa3 and above is investment grade, everything below is high yield — “junk” in the trade. The label does real work, because many institutions may only hold inve","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#tips-treasury-inflation-protected-securities","title":"TIPS (Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities)","description":"US government bonds whose principal moves with the consumer price index, so the yield they quote is a real yield — a return above inflation — while an ordinary bond quotes a nominal one. The gap betwe","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#treasury-bill-t-bill","title":"Treasury Bill (T-Bill)","description":"Short-dated US government debt — a year or less, issued below face value and redeeming at face value, with no coupon in between. That makes a T-bill a zero-coupon bond by construction, and most of fin","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#repo-repurchase-agreement","title":"Repo (Repurchase Agreement)","description":"A short-term loan dressed as a sale: one side sells a bond and agrees to buy it back a day or two later at a slightly higher price, and the difference is the interest. It is how bond desks fund positi","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#heart-s-law","title":"Heart’s Law","description":"Tokens that share liquidity rise and fall together. The term is Richard Heart’s, and the mechanism is arithmetic rather than sentiment: a liquidity pool holds two tokens against a constant product, so","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#currency-board","title":"Currency Board","description":"A monetary arrangement in which one asset is issued only against full reserves of another, and is convertible into it at a fixed rate on demand. The classical form is a national one: the board holds r","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#impermanent-loss","title":"Impermanent Loss","description":"The loss a liquidity provider can face when the two assets in a pool change in relative price, leaving the position worth less than simply holding the tokens would have. It is 'impermanent' because it","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#amm-automated-market-maker","title":"AMM (Automated Market Maker)","description":"The mechanism decentralized exchanges like PulseX use to price trades — instead of an order book, a formula (commonly x × y = k) sets prices from the ratio of assets in a pool. It lets HTTs and HEX be","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#tvl-total-value-locked","title":"TVL (Total Value Locked)","description":"The total value of all assets deposited in a DeFi protocol — a common gauge of its size, usage, and trust. Rising TVL generally signals growing adoption; falling TVL can signal users pulling their fun","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#apr-apy","title":"APR / APY","description":"Two ways to express an annual return. APR (Annual Percentage Rate) is the simple yearly rate; APY (Annual Percentage Yield) includes the effect of compounding, so it is usually a bit higher. Handy for","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#governance-token","title":"Governance Token","description":"A token that gives holders a say in how a protocol is run, such as voting on parameters or upgrades — common elsewhere in DeFi (UNI, MKR). Note that ACTR is not one: Actuator's contracts are immutable","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#stablecoin","title":"Stablecoin","description":"A cryptocurrency designed to hold a steady value, usually pegged to a fiat currency like the US dollar, via reserves, collateral, or algorithms. HTTs are not stablecoins — their value is denominated i","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#oracle","title":"Oracle","description":"A service that feeds real-world, off-chain information (most often asset prices) into smart contracts, which cannot fetch external data on their own. Chainlink is a well-known example. Reliable oracle","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#on-ramp","title":"On-Ramp","description":"A service that turns ordinary money — dollars in a bank account, a card payment, a Zelle transfer — into crypto delivered to a wallet you control. On PulseChain the working on-ramps are few: 0xCoast f","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#off-ramp","title":"Off-Ramp","description":"The reverse of an on-ramp: a service that turns crypto back into ordinary money in a bank account. From PulseChain the path is usually two steps — swap to a stablecoin, then cross to a chain or servic","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#bridge","title":"Bridge","description":"A tool that moves assets from one blockchain to another — for example, bringing tokens from Ethereum to PulseChain. Bridges expand what you can do across chains, but add their own smart-contract and c","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#bridge-mediator","title":"Bridge Mediator","description":"The contract that actually holds a bridge’s crossings. On the PulseChain bridge’s Ethereum side, deposits are ordinary token transfers INTO the mediator (it locks them) and exits are transfers OUT — s","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#wrapped-token","title":"Wrapped Token","description":"A token that carries another asset in a more usable or tradable form. The key fact: a wrapped token is real — the underlying asset is intact inside the wrapper, not imitated by it. Wrapping changes wh","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#composability","title":"Composability","description":"The ability of DeFi protocols to snap together like Lego bricks: because every contract is public, permissionless, and immutable, any protocol can build on any other without asking anyone. The communi","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#eip-ethereum-improvement-proposal","title":"EIP (Ethereum Improvement Proposal)","description":"An Ethereum Improvement Proposal is the formal design document used to propose changes to Ethereum — new features, standards, or processes. Each gets a number (e.g., EIP-1559) and moves through stages","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#erc-ethereum-request-for-comments","title":"ERC (Ethereum Request for Comments)","description":"An ERC is a type of EIP that defines application-level standards — the shared interfaces smart contracts agree to follow so wallets, exchanges, and other apps can work with them automatically. Token s","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#erc-20-eip-20","title":"ERC-20 (EIP-20)","description":"The standard interface for fungible (interchangeable) tokens — the blueprint nearly every crypto token follows. It defines functions like transfer, balanceOf, approve, and transferFrom so any wallet o","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#erc-721-eip-721","title":"ERC-721 (EIP-721)","description":"The standard for non-fungible tokens (NFTs) — tokens that are each unique and not interchangeable, unlike ERC-20. Every one has a distinct ID and owner. This matters directly in the Actuator world: an","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#erc-1155-eip-1155","title":"ERC-1155 (EIP-1155)","description":"A 'multi-token' standard that lets a single contract manage many token types at once — both fungible and non-fungible — and move them in efficient batches. It is popular in gaming and marketplaces whe","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#erc-4626-tokenized-vault","title":"ERC-4626 (Tokenized Vault)","description":"A standard interface for yield-bearing vaults — contracts where you deposit a token and receive shares representing your growing claim on the pooled assets. It standardizes deposit, withdraw, and shar","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#erc-3156-flash-loans","title":"ERC-3156 (Flash Loans)","description":"A standard interface for flash loans — uncollateralized loans that must be borrowed and repaid within the same transaction, or the whole thing reverts as if it never happened. They power arbitrage, co","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#the-merge","title":"The Merge","description":"The Ethereum upgrade that switched the network from Proof-of-Work mining to Proof-of-Stake on September 15, 2022, by merging the original chain with the Beacon Chain. It cut Ethereum's energy use by r","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#the-surge","title":"The Surge","description":"The roadmap phase focused on scaling Ethereum to very high throughput, mainly by supercharging Layer-2 rollups with cheaper data. It began with proto-danksharding (EIP-4844 'blobs', shipped in the 202","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#the-verge","title":"The Verge","description":"The roadmap phase that shrinks how much data a node must store to verify the chain, by replacing today's Merkle trees with 'Verkle trees' that produce much smaller proofs. The goal is 'stateless' clie","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#the-purge","title":"The Purge","description":"The roadmap phase that removes old, no-longer-needed data (history expiration, EIP-4444) so node operators don't have to store the entire chain history forever. Less required storage means cheaper, ea","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#the-splurge","title":"The Splurge","description":"Vitalik's catch-all final phase — 'the fun stuff' once the big pieces are in place. It bundles assorted improvements that make Ethereum nicer to use, notably account abstraction (smart-contract wallet","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#the-scourge","title":"The Scourge","description":"A phase Vitalik added later to the roadmap, focused on keeping Ethereum credibly neutral — ensuring transactions are included fairly and reducing the centralizing pressure of MEV (the extra value vali","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#account-abstraction","title":"Account Abstraction","description":"Turning wallets into programmable 'smart accounts' instead of simple key-controlled accounts — enabling features like paying gas in any token, social recovery, batched actions, and spending limits. De","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#rollup-layer-2-rollup","title":"Rollup (Layer-2 Rollup)","description":"A Layer-2 network that processes many transactions off the main chain, then posts a compressed summary (with a proof) back to Ethereum for security. Rollups — Optimistic and ZK (zero-knowledge) — are ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#danksharding-proto-danksharding","title":"Danksharding (Proto-Danksharding)","description":"Ethereum's plan to massively scale data availability for rollups. Proto-danksharding (EIP-4844) was the first step, adding cheap, temporary 'blob' storage to blocks; full danksharding will expand this","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#verkle-tree","title":"Verkle Tree","description":"A cryptographic data structure that replaces Merkle trees with much smaller 'witnesses' (proofs). Smaller proofs let a node verify the chain without storing all of its state — the key technology behin","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#blob-blob-transaction","title":"Blob (Blob Transaction)","description":"A large, temporary chunk of data attached to a block (introduced by EIP-4844) that Layer-2 rollups use to post their data cheaply. Blobs are automatically deleted after about 18 days — long enough to ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#internet-money-wallet","title":"Internet Money Wallet","description":"An open-source, privacy-first crypto wallet native to PulseChain that also supports Ethereum and every other EVM chain. It is self-custodial ('your keys, your crypto'), stores no personal data, and ha","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#etherscan-io","title":"Etherscan.io","description":"Etherscan is the leading and most trusted block explorer for Ethereum and a growing list of EVM-compatible chains. Launched in 2015, it is a free, user-friendly search engine and analytics platform th","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#ethereum-foundation","title":"Ethereum Foundation","description":"The Ethereum Foundation (EF) is a non-profit organization — officially Stiftung Ethereum, based in Switzerland — that supports the development, growth, and adoption of the Ethereum ecosystem. It was f","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#hex-staking","title":"HEX Staking","description":"Locking your HEX in the HEX smart contract for a chosen length (1 to 5555 days) to earn interest paid in more HEX. Longer and larger stakes earn more through bonus \"T-Shares\"; ending early or very lat","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#staking-ladder","title":"Staking Ladder","description":"Splitting your HEX into several stakes with staggered end-dates — like rungs on a ladder — so a portion matures at regular intervals. It smooths liquidity, lowers timing risk, and makes reinvestment e","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#mean-regression-trading","title":"Mean Regression Trading","description":"A trading approach — commonly called \"mean reversion\" — based on the idea that a price, or an HTT's discount to HEX, tends to drift back toward its average after reaching an extreme. Traders buy what ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#bounce-back","title":"Bounce-Back","description":"How quickly an HTT's ratio to HEX returns to its own channel after a move away from it, stated as a half-life in days: the time for half of any deviation to close. The channel is the series' rolling m","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#revoke-approvals","title":"Revoke Approvals","description":"When you use a DeFi app — a DEX like PulseX, or a protocol like Actuator — you sign a transaction that grants that app's smart contract permission to move a specific token out of your wallet. This per","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#ipfs-interplanetary-file-system","title":"IPFS (InterPlanetary File System)","description":"IPFS is a peer-to-peer system for storing and serving files without a central server. Its defining trick is content addressing: a file is identified by a hash (a fingerprint) of its own contents, not ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#true-defi-the-trust-spectrum","title":"True DeFi (the Trust Spectrum)","description":"Every financial system answers one question: are you trusting people, or verifying code? Laying the answers side by side gives a three-tier spectrum, and knowing which tier you are standing in matters","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#settlement-waterfall","title":"Settlement Waterfall","description":"A settlement waterfall is the ordered list of what happens when a deal settles on time — and, more importantly, what happens when someone fails to do their part. Bond desks use the idea to describe wh","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#total-return","title":"Total Return","description":"Total Return is your percentage gain measured on what you paid, not on par: 1 ÷ price − 1. Buy an HTT at 0.86 HEX and hold it to its 1-HEX redemption, and your discount is 14% — but your Total Return ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#zk-snark","title":"zk-SNARK","description":"A zk-SNARK (pronounced \"zee-kay snark\") lets someone prove a statement is true without revealing any of the information that makes it true — and the proof is so small and fast to check that verifying ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#end-stake-unstaking","title":"End Stake (Unstaking)","description":"Ending a stake is how you get your HEX back. When you staked, the contract burned your coins and gave you shares; when you end the stake, it mints your principal back plus every day of yield those sha","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#stake-end-day","title":"Stake End Day","description":"The HEX day a stake’s committed term is complete — the first day it can be ended with no penalty in either direction. From that day a 14-day grace period runs; end inside it and nothing is lost. Actua","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#grace-period","title":"Grace Period","description":"HEX’s clock, not the holder’s: the two weeks after a stake’s end day during which ending it costs nothing extra. After day 14 the late penalty begins — 1/700 of the stake’s whole value per day, so the","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#late-end-stake-penalty-late-penalty","title":"Late End-Stake Penalty (Late Penalty)","description":"Forget a finished stake and the contract slowly confiscates it. After the 14-day grace period, a penalty starts at zero and grows roughly 1% of the full payout per week — left long enough, it consumes","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#longer-pays-better-lpb","title":"Longer Pays Better (LPB)","description":"HEX’s core promise: commitment time is rewarded. The longer you promise to stake, the more shares the same coins buy — the bonus grows with stake length until it maxes out at triple shares for commitm","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#bigger-pays-better-bpb","title":"Bigger Pays Better (BPB)","description":"A second, smaller share bonus for stake size: the more HEX in a single stake, the more shares per coin, scaling up to +10% at 150 million HEX. Compare Longer Pays Better, which is far more powerful (u","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#big-pay-day-bpd","title":"Big Pay Day (BPD)","description":"A one-time bonus paid on HEX day 352 (November 19, 2020 — community counts, which run one day higher, often call it day 353) to everyone staked across it. Everything left unclaimed went to stakers tha","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#adoption-amplifier-aa","title":"Adoption Amplifier (AA)","description":"HEX’s launch-phase distribution: for the first 350 days, anyone could send ETH into a daily Transform Lobby and receive that day’s allotment of HEX pro-rata with everyone else in the lobby — each day’","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#transform-lobby","title":"Transform Lobby","description":"The daily room inside the Adoption Amplifier: send ETH in during the day, and when the day closes the lobby splits that day’s HEX allotment among participants in proportion to what each sent. Called a","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#bitcoin-free-claim","title":"Bitcoin Free Claim","description":"At launch (December 2019), anyone holding Bitcoin could claim free HEX by proving ownership of a BTC address from the launch snapshot — about 10,000 HEX per BTC, adjusted by two dampers: claims shrank","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#silly-whale-penalty","title":"Silly Whale Penalty","description":"A damper inside the Bitcoin Free Claim: claims under 1,000 BTC were untouched; from 1,000 BTC the free HEX was cut 50%, scaling linearly up to 75% at 10,000 BTC, and every claim of 10,000 BTC or more ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#we-are-all-satoshi","title":"We Are All Satoshi","description":"The launch rule that the famously untouched Bitcoin of Satoshi Nakamoto — Bitcoin’s pseudonymous creator, whose enormous early holdings have never moved — and every other unclaimed BTC allocation woul","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#penalty-redistribution","title":"Penalty Redistribution","description":"Where HEX penalties go: they are not burned and no company collects them. Half of every early and late end-stake penalty is added to the Daily Payout pool — paid to everyone still staked — and half go","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#penalty-ledger","title":"Penalty Ledger","description":"This site’s measured record of every HEX penalty ever paid — read from the contract’s own stake-end events, all of them, back to December 2019. The running total, recomputed daily from that ledger: 12","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#good-accounting-bot","title":"Good Accounting Bot","description":"An automated caller of Good Accounting — the anyone-may-call function that freezes a finished stake’s books so its late penalty stops growing. Because the call is permissionless, a bot economy grew ar","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#the-2040-cohort","title":"The 2040 Cohort","description":"The largest single rung on the protocol’s unlock calendar: stakes scheduled to end in 2040 hold 219 billion HEX — roughly a third of everything staked on PulseChain (2026-08-31 snapshot), 6,465 ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#daily-payout","title":"Daily Payout","description":"Every day the HEX contract mints new coins — a pool sized at roughly 3.69% annual inflation — and divides it among all active stakes in proportion to their shares, adding in any penalties collected th","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#t-share-rate-share-price","title":"T-Share Rate (Share Price)","description":"The price, in HEX, of one T-Share’s worth of stake shares. By contract rule it can only rise: whenever a stake ends having earned more than shares alone explain (thanks to Longer / Bigger Pays Better ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#mint-minting","title":"Mint (Minting)","description":"Creating new tokens by contract rule — the opposite of a burn. In this ecosystem minting is everywhere: ending a HEX stake mints your principal and yield; Actuator mints HTTs against a stake’s extract","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#zero-address","title":"Zero Address","description":"`0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000` — twenty bytes of nothing. It is not a wallet: no one holds its keys, and nothing sent there can ever come back. Token contracts use it as the boundary of ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#transfer-event","title":"Transfer Event","description":"The log line an ERC-20 token writes every time it moves: sender, recipient, amount. It is emitted by the token contract itself and stored in the block, which makes it the raw material of every wallet ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#transaction-receipt","title":"Transaction Receipt","description":"What a node returns after a transaction is mined: whether it succeeded, what it cost, and — the useful part — the full ordered list of every event it emitted. One transaction routinely emits many even","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#total-supply","title":"Total Supply","description":"The number of tokens a contract says exist right now, readable from the contract itself by anyone. minting raises it; burning lowers it. It is the only figure that settles the question of whether coin","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#proof-of-wait","title":"Proof of Wait","description":"The community’s name for HEX’s core idea: value flows to those who verifiably wait. It is not a consensus mechanism like Proof of Work or Proof of Stake — HEX is a token whose ledger is secured by its","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#maximus-maxi","title":"Maximus (MAXI)","description":"A community protocol (2022) that pools many people’s HEX into single giant shared stakes and issues a token representing a slice — MAXI is the 5,555-day flagship, with siblings like DECI (3,696 days) ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#hex-bonds","title":"HEX Bonds","description":"The plain-English framing this site is named for: a HEX Time Token behaves like a zero-coupon bond denominated in HEX — bought at a discount, redeemed at face on a date, no coupon in between — except ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#ehex-ethereum-hex","title":"eHEX (Ethereum HEX)","description":"The original HEX, live on Ethereum since December 2019. When PulseChain launched in May 2023 with a full-state copy, every eHEX holder automatically also held HEX on PulseChain. The two have traded as","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#phex-pulsechain-hex","title":"pHEX (PulseChain HEX)","description":"The community’s word for HEX on PulseChain — the copy created for every holder at the May 2023 full-state fork, running the same immutable staking contract on the cheaper chain. There is no separate p","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#ehex-vs-phex","title":"eHEX vs pHEX","description":"Same code, same staking rules, different chains, different prices. Since the 2023 fork the two markets have moved independently — most staking activity migrated to PulseChain where gas is cheap enough","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#hex-inflation","title":"HEX Inflation","description":"New HEX is created at a maximum of about 3.69% per year, all of it flowing into the Daily Payout for stakers. Non-stakers hold coins whose supply share shrinks; stakers absorb the emission plus penalt","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#pls","title":"PLS","description":"PulseChain’s native coin — the chain’s equivalent of ETH. Every transaction burns a little PLS as gas, and validators stake it to secure the network. It arrived via the 2021 Sacrifice and is the unit ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#wpls-wrapped-pls","title":"WPLS (Wrapped PLS)","description":"PLS wrapped into standard token form, 1:1, so it can sit in AMM pools and smart contracts that only speak the token standard — the exact counterpart of WETH on Ethereum. Deposit PLS, receive WPLS; unw","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#sacrifice-points","title":"Sacrifice Points","description":"The scorekeeping of the Sacrifice phases: each dollar-equivalent sacrificed earned points, with early days earning the most (the rate declined daily) and larger totals earning volume bonuses. Points —","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#full-state-copy-fork","title":"Full-State Copy (Fork)","description":"How PulseChain launched: rather than starting empty, it photographed Ethereum’s entire ledger — every wallet, every token balance, every NFT, every contract — and began from that snapshot. If you held","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#copied-tokens-free-copies","title":"Copied Tokens (Free Copies)","description":"The tokens duplicated by the full-state copy — often loosely called an airdrop, though nothing was sent; the balances simply existed on the new chain. The crucial honesty: a copy carries none of the o","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#lp-buy-and-burn","title":"LP Buy and Burn","description":"PulseX’s fee engine: a slice of every swap fee is set aside to buy PLSX on the open market and burn it. The public bounty burns stopped on 2026-08-28, when the owner key switched off the public burn c","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#rpc-remote-procedure-call","title":"RPC (Remote Procedure Call)","description":"The doorway a wallet or app uses to talk to a blockchain — a URL that accepts questions (‘what’s this balance?’) and transactions. Adding PulseChain to a wallet mostly means adding its RPC endpoint (r","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#rpc-storm","title":"RPC Storm","description":"The failure pattern where PulseChain's public RPC gateways go down together: the default gateway most wallets ship with dies first, the crowd flees to the same short list of alternates, and the altern","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#rpc-failover","title":"RPC Failover","description":"Keeping more than one RPC doorway and switching the moment the active one stops answering — in PulseChain’s two gateway storms (July and August 2026), the difference between apps that sailed through a","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#dns-domain-name-system","title":"DNS (Domain Name System)","description":"The internet’s phonebook — the lookup that turns a site’s name (hexbonds.com) into the numeric address computers actually connect to. Every visit to a site, a wallet’s pages, or an RPC gateway begins ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#vpn-virtual-private-network","title":"VPN (Virtual Private Network)","description":"A service that wraps a device’s internet traffic in encryption and routes it through the provider’s server — the local network and ISP see only the tunnel, not which sites are visited, and sites see t","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#pulsechain-explorer","title":"PulseChain Explorer","description":"PulseChain’s public block explorer, opened at ipfs.scan.pulsechain.com (scan.pulsechain.com itself is a list of links for exploring the chain) — the read-everything window where any address, token, or","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#pulsechain-vs-ethereum","title":"PulseChain vs Ethereum","description":"PulseChain is a full-state fork of Ethereum running the same virtual machine with faster blocks and fees that are fractions of a cent — cheap enough that everyday staking operations, impractical on Et","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#liquidity-migration","title":"Liquidity Migration","description":"A copied ledger does not copy the money behind it: pools on the new chain start as token entries with no depth until holders choose to move real liquidity in. Where migration happened (HEX pairs, Puls","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#richard-heart-ecosystem","title":"Richard Heart Ecosystem","description":"The three projects designed by Richard Heart: HEX (2019, the staking token), PulseChain (2023, the chain), and PulseX (2023, its exchange). Actuator, Hedron, Icosa, and Maximus are independent communi","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#validator","title":"Validator","description":"A computer that stakes the chain’s native coin for the right to propose and attest blocks under Proof of Stake — the PoS replacement for a miner. Misbehave and the stake is slashed; behave and it earn","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#hex-liquid-staking","title":"HEX Liquid Staking","description":"A way some in the community describe Actuator: like liquid staking, it lets a HEX stake keep earning while its owner holds a token that can be traded or used today. A HEX stake otherwise locks its HEX","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#liquid-validating-liquid-staking","title":"Liquid Validating (Liquid Staking)","description":"A way to earn validator yield without running a validator or holding the full 32 million PLS stake: deposit any amount into a liquid-staking protocol, receive a receipt token that grows with validator","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#vouch-vpls","title":"Vouch (vPLS)","description":"A PulseChain liquid-staking protocol (vouch.run, launched late 2024 on StaFi’s liquid-staking stack): deposit PLS, receive vPLS that appreciates as its validators earn. It grew fast — by mid-2026 comm","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#validatorx-upls","title":"ValidatorX (uPLS)","description":"A PulseChain liquid-staking protocol in the PlusX.app suite built by the uP/uPX token team (careful: PlusX is a community project, not PulseX) — live since early 2025 at vx.plusx.app. Stake from as li","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#david-feder","title":"David Feder","description":"A PulseChain community figure best known for making home validating approachable: he runs the Validator Store, publishes free step-by-step validator tutorials and open-source setup scripts, and has be","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#validator-store","title":"Validator Store","description":"David Feder’s business at validatorstore.com, built around getting individuals validating PulseChain themselves: pre-built plug-in hardware kits (a small home server with the chain pre-loaded, around ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#validator-nft-degen-protocol","title":"Validator NFT (Degen Protocol)","description":"A third way into validating, from the community’s Degen Protocol: a validator’s 32-million-PLS stake is split into NFTs in two tiers — 32 NFTs at 1 million PLS each, or 64 at 500,000 PLS — and the val","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#communis-com","title":"Communis (COM)","description":"Communis is a reward token for good HEX staking behavior — think of it as a loyalty program written into an immutable contract. It never touches your stake: nothing is wrapped, nothing is custodied — ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#maximus-perpetuals","title":"Maximus Perpetuals","description":"The four rolling pooled-stake tokens from Maximus, launched September 2022 with over 800 million HEX pooled: BASE (≈1 year), TRIO (≈3 years), LUCKY (≈7 years), and DECI (≈10 years). The cycle: a mint ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#base-maximus","title":"BASE (Maximus)","description":"The shortest Maximus Perpetual: rolling 369-day pooled HEX stakes. Its first period ran September 2022 to October 2023, ending with about 1.125 HEX behind each BASE. Because it reloads yearly, BASE is","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#trio-maximus","title":"TRIO (Maximus)","description":"The roughly-3-year Maximus Perpetual — its period is 1,111 days, a parameter fixed at deployment (documented in the SourceHat audit). Period one ended around October 2025, reloaded through its 7-day R","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#lucky-maximus","title":"LUCKY (Maximus)","description":"The roughly-7-year Maximus Perpetual — 2,555 days per period (7 × 365), a parameter fixed at deployment (documented in the SourceHat audit). Its first period runs to about 2029. Between LUCKY and DECI","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#deci-maximus","title":"DECI (Maximus)","description":"The roughly-10-year Maximus Perpetual — 3,696 days per period, a parameter fixed at deployment (documented in the SourceHat audit), first period ending around 2032. The longest of the rolling pools (o","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#team-maximus","title":"TEAM (Maximus)","description":"The odd one out in the Maximus family: TEAM was minted 1-for-1 with MAXI pledged to the contract — not HEX, and not a stake; the pledged MAXI was split 20% burned, 30% to the MAXIEscrow that funds the","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#gwei","title":"GWEI","description":"A billionth of one ETH — the unit gas prices are quoted in, because pricing computation in whole ETH would be like pricing groceries in tons of gold. PulseChain: same arithmetic, paid in PLS; communit","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#gas-limit","title":"Gas Limit","description":"The most gas a transaction is allowed to consume — your circuit breaker against a buggy contract eating your whole balance in fees (a simple transfer needs exactly 21,000; complex DeFi calls need far ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#gas-price","title":"Gas Price","description":"What you bid per unit of gas: a base fee the protocol sets and burns, plus an optional tip to the block producer — busy chain, higher price. Fee = gas used × gas price. PulseChain: the same burn-plus-","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#address","title":"Address","description":"Your public identity on an EVM chain: 42 characters starting 0x, derived from your private key. The same key produces the same address on every EVM chain — which is exactly how PulseChain’s full-state","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#transaction-tx","title":"Transaction (TX)","description":"A signed instruction from an address — send value, call a contract — ordered by its nonce, paid for in gas, and permanent once included in a block. PulseChain: identical anatomy; a wallet that can sig","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#block-time","title":"Block Time","description":"How often the chain adds a block — the heartbeat that sets confirmation speed. Ethereum targets 12-second slots. PulseChain: 10-second blocks, one of the few parameters it tuned rather than copied.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#erc-4337","title":"ERC-4337","description":"The account-abstraction standard that works without changing the protocol: smart-contract wallets submit ‘user operations’ that bundlers package into ordinary transactions, enabling recovery options, ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#beacon-chain","title":"Beacon Chain","description":"The coordination layer of a Proof-of-Stake chain: it registers validators, assigns duties, tallies attestations, and finalizes what the execution layer produced. PulseChain: runs its own beacon chain ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#execution-layer","title":"Execution Layer","description":"The half of a modern EVM chain that actually runs transactions and smart contracts — the EVM, the mempool, the state — while the consensus layer decides whose block counts. Ethereum’s reference client","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#mempool","title":"Mempool","description":"Every node’s waiting room: signed transactions sit here until a block includes them. A transaction ‘stuck’ during an RPC outage usually isn’t lost — it queues unseen while sick gateways hide it, then ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#optimistic-rollup","title":"Optimistic Rollup","description":"A Layer-2 that posts transactions to the main chain and assumes them valid unless someone submits a fraud proof — the ‘optimism’ — which is why withdrawals classically wait about a week. PulseChain: n","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#zk-rollup","title":"ZK-Rollup","description":"A Layer-2 that proves every batch valid with a cryptographic proof (a zk-SNARK) before the main chain accepts it — no waiting period, no assumed honesty, at the cost of heavy math. PulseChain: none ex","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#data-availability","title":"Data Availability","description":"The guarantee that the data behind a rollup’s batches is actually published, so anyone can reconstruct the state and catch fraud — the quiet foundation under both rollup designs, and what blobs exist ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#mev-maximal-extractable-value","title":"MEV (Maximal Extractable Value)","description":"Profit extracted by choosing the order of transactions in a block: seeing your pending trade and inserting one before and after it (the ‘sandwich’) is the classic form. PulseChain: MEV exists on every","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#flashbots","title":"Flashbots","description":"The Ethereum research organization that tamed the worst of MEV by giving transactions a private route to block builders instead of a public mempool free-for-all. PulseChain: Ethereum-specific — no Pul","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#shanghai-upgrade","title":"Shanghai Upgrade","description":"The Ethereum upgrade that enabled validator withdrawals — the last missing piece of the Merge, making staked ETH a two-way door. PulseChain: launched in May 2023 already in the withdrawal era: its val","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#dencun-upgrade","title":"Dencun Upgrade","description":"The Ethereum upgrade that introduced blob transactions (proto-danksharding) — cheap, temporary data space that cut rollup costs roughly tenfold. PulseChain: blobs exist to serve rollups; with no rollu","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#seed-phrase","title":"Seed Phrase","description":"The 12 or 24 words that ARE your wallet: every private key and address is derived from them, so whoever holds the words holds everything — on every chain at once. PulseChain: the same seed controls yo","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#tokenized-shares","title":"Tokenized Shares","description":"The recurring trick of this ecosystem: turning a stake’s locked value into something transferable. Maximus tokens are literal pool shares; HTTs tokenize a stake’s future redemption value; Hedron mints","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#active-stake-shares","title":"Active Stake Shares","description":"The shares belonging to a stake that is still running — started, not yet ended. They are what earn each Daily Payout, and they are the quantity Communis reads (without touching) to size its bonuses. W","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#staking-incentive-layer","title":"Staking Incentive Layer","description":"A protocol that sits on top of a staking system — wrapping nothing, custodying nothing — and pays its own token for behavior the base system wants: Hedron pays HDRN against staked days; Communis pays ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#no-admin-keys","title":"No Admin Keys","description":"The property that makes ‘immutable’ mean something: no privileged address can upgrade, pause, censor, or drain the contract — there is nothing to hack at the top and nobody to subpoena into changing t","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#no-origin-address","title":"No Origin Address","description":"A deliberate design contrast: HEX routes half of all penalties and several bonuses to its Origin Address — a large, founder-associated flow that critics target. Communis was written with no such addre","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#dual-chain-token","title":"Dual-Chain Token","description":"A token whose contract lives on BOTH Ethereum and PulseChain — usually at the very same address, thanks to the full-state copy: HEX, Hedron, ICSA, the Maximus family, and Communis all are. The mechani","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#hex-staker-airdrop","title":"HEX Staker Airdrop","description":"A distribution aimed exclusively at HEX stakers: you qualify by having stake — usually by proving active shares — and you mint the new token yourself rather than receiving a transfer. Hedron launched ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#fair-distribution","title":"Fair Distribution","description":"The claim that a token’s entire supply enters the world through public rules anyone could use — no early-buyer round, no team allocation, no insider tranche. Communis makes the strictest version of th","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#actuator-actuator-finance","title":"Actuator (Actuator.Finance)","description":"The protocol this entire site documents: an immutable system on PulseChain that turns locked HEX stakes into tradable time-dated claims. Wrap a stake as an HSI, delegate it to the HEXTimeTokenManager,","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#extractable-stake-value","title":"Extractable Stake Value","description":"The number that governs everything mintable: Actuator’s conservative measure of what a delegated stake is worth today — principal plus accrued rewards, discounted for the worst case the HEX contract c","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#hex-day","title":"HEX Day","description":"HEX’s internal calendar, and the unit every maturity on this site is written in. Days count from launch — December 3, 2019 — and each new day begins at 00:00 UTC (the evening before in US time; see UT","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#hardware-wallet","title":"Hardware Wallet","description":"A dedicated signing device that keeps your private keys off the internet-connected computer entirely: transactions travel to the device, get displayed on its own screen, and only a signature comes bac","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#liquidity-pool","title":"Liquidity Pool","description":"The pot of paired tokens that a DEX trades against: an HTT/HEX pool holds both tokens, and every swap tilts the ratio, moving the price. Depositors (liquidity providers) own the pot pro-rata via LP to","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#audit-smart-contract-audit","title":"Audit (Smart-Contract Audit)","description":"A paid review of a contract’s source by a security firm, hunting for exploitable flaws before (ideally) launch. What it gives you: expert eyes, a published findings list, and accountability about what","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#retire-htts","title":"Retire (HTTs)","description":"The reverse of minting: sending HTTs back to the HTTM to be burned, shrinking what your stake owes. It is the gate on the way out — an owner cannot early-end a delegated stake or unwrap the HSI until ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#phishing","title":"Phishing","description":"The attack that actually empties wallets in this ecosystem: not code-breaking but you-breaking — fake sites, fake support DMs, lookalike tokens, and poisoned approval prompts that get you to sign the ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#metamask","title":"MetaMask","description":"The browser wallet most newcomers arrive holding. It works fine on PulseChain once the network is added — chain ID 369, the RPC at rpc.pulsechain.com, and the explorer — and it pairs with a hardware w","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#arbitrage","title":"Arbitrage","description":"Profiting from the same thing priced differently in two places — buy where it is cheap, sell where it is dear, and in doing so drag the prices together. It is the quiet force that keeps the HTT yield ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#inc-incentive-token","title":"INC (Incentive Token)","description":"PulseX’s liquidity-mining reward token — provide liquidity on PulseX, stake the LP tokens in its farms, earn INC. It is the model Actuator’s own ACTR farming was patterned on (the farm contract is mod","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#farms-vs-vaults","title":"Farms vs Vaults","description":"The two ‘earn’ machines are easy to confuse and built to differ — four differences, one line each. Different deposit: the farm takes a pair (HTT/HEX LP tokens — you are funding a market); the vault ta","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#lockdown-mode-apple","title":"Lockdown Mode (Apple)","description":"Apple’s one-switch hardening for people who face targeted attacks — which is exactly the profile of anyone holding meaningful crypto. Flipping it (Settings → Privacy & Security) disables the attack su","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#tpm-trusted-platform-module","title":"TPM (Trusted Platform Module)","description":"The PC world’s tamper-resistant security chip — the rough counterpart of Apple’s secure enclave or a hardware wallet’s secure element. It anchors Secure Boot (so malware can’t hide beneath the operati","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#sim-swap","title":"SIM Swap","description":"The signature crypto account-takeover attack: a thief social-engineers your mobile carrier into porting your phone number to their SIM, then uses SMS codes and password resets to take your email and e","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#email-alias","title":"Email Alias","description":"A disposable forwarding address that delivers to your real mailbox — one unique alias per service. In crypto security it is a tripwire three ways: a phishing email arriving at the wrong alias exposes ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#hardware-security-key-yubikey","title":"Hardware Security Key (YubiKey)","description":"A small USB/NFC device (YubiKey is the canonical name) that provides the strongest form of 2FA: FIDO2 keys are phishing-resistant by construction, because the key cryptographically verifies the real s","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#social-engineering","title":"Social Engineering","description":"Attacks that defeat no machine and no code — they are conversations, run by teams who do nothing else all day: fake support agents who DM first, recruiter lures whose ‘assessment tool’ is the payload,","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#pig-butchering","title":"Pig Butchering","description":"The long-con social-engineering scheme named for fattening the victim before the slaughter: months of genuine-feeling friendship or romance, then an investment opportunity on a polished platform where","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#address-poisoning","title":"Address Poisoning","description":"Thieves dust your wallet with tiny transactions from lookalike addresses engineered to match the first and last four characters of addresses you actually use — betting you will copy one from your tran","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#clipboard-hijacker","title":"Clipboard Hijacker","description":"A malware class that silently replaces a copied crypto address with the thief’s as you paste. Defense: re-read every address after pasting — and treat the hardware wallet’s screen as the only truth, b","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#blind-signing","title":"Blind Signing","description":"Approving a transaction whose contents your hardware wallet cannot render meaningfully — the device shows raw data and asks for faith. Sophisticated thefts are engineered around exactly this moment. K","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#wrench-attack","title":"Wrench Attack","description":"The meme that ends every security debate: why crack encryption when a $5 wrench can threaten the owner? The honest three-layer answer: OPSEC first (physical attacks are targeted, and targeting require","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#token-approval-allowance","title":"Token Approval (Allowance)","description":"The standing permission a token owner grants a smart contract to spend up to a stated amount of a specific token from their address. It exists because a contract cannot reach into a wallet on its own:","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#drainer-permit-phishing","title":"Drainer (Permit Phishing)","description":"The malware-as-a-service kits behind most large-scale crypto thefts since 2023 (Inferno, Angel, Pink…). A drainer never steals your keys — it phishes a signature: a fake site (often a paid search ad, ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#bookmarkable-pages","title":"Bookmarkable Pages","description":"The short list of sites worth reaching only by bookmark — because a bookmark you verified once is immune to the three roads that lead to fake sites: typos, look-alike domains, and poisoned search resu","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#token-import-add-token","title":"Token Import (Add Token)","description":"The wallet feature (‘Import token,’ or a site’s ‘Add token to wallet’ popup) that makes a token’s balance visible. It is display-only: importing signs nothing, approves nothing, and gives the token no","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#wallet-cleanup-hiding-tokens","title":"Wallet Cleanup (Hiding Tokens)","description":"What to do about tokens that appear in your wallet uninvited (scam airdrops — anyone can send any token to any address). The counterintuitive part first: they cannot be ‘removed,’ because the balance ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#mobile-wallet","title":"Mobile Wallet","description":"A wallet app on your phone — a hot wallet in your pocket. The right mental model is a cash wallet: carry what you’d comfortably carry in cash, and keep the stack in cold storage.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#authority-impersonation-fake-badge","title":"Authority Impersonation (Fake Badge)","description":"The social-engineering script that borrows the state’s clothes: a badge at your door, or a call from the ‘FBI,’ ‘IRS,’ or ‘Europol’ — your funds are ‘part of an investigation’ and must be moved to a ‘","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#personal-runbook","title":"Personal Runbook","description":"Your self-facing operations manual — the notes that let you repeat your own security procedures after a long hiatus without improvising (improvisation is where self-custody losses live). The design ru","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#crypto-inheritance-estate-plan","title":"Crypto Inheritance (Estate Plan)","description":"Self-custody’s greatest strength is its estate-planning nightmare: no company can recover your keys — including for your family, after you’re gone. Exchanges have death-certificate processes; wallets ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#of-liquid-in-lps","title":"% of Liquid in LPs","description":"Of the coins not locked in stakes — the liquid supply — how many actually sit inside liquidity pools, ready to trade. The two halves are both read from the chain: the liquid supply is the HEX contract","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#gas-floor","title":"Gas Floor","description":"Arbitrage is what makes dozens of pools of one token quote one price: any pool that drifts from the others is a free trade, and someone takes it — but only while the profit exceeds the GAS the correct","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#tornado-cash","title":"Tornado Cash","description":"A privacy tool on Ethereum: you deposit a fixed amount into a shared pool, wait, and withdraw it to a fresh address — and the cryptography guarantees the chain holds no link between your deposit and y","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#sybil-attack","title":"Sybil Attack","description":"One entity posing as many — named after a famous case study of multiple personalities. On a blockchain, addresses are free, so one hand can operate a thousand wallets and a raw count of “participants”","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#forward-trace","title":"Forward Trace","description":"A research method: start from a known origin — a contract’s hardcoded address, a genesis allocation, a mint event — and follow the funds forward through the ledger, letting the chain itself say where ","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#multisig","title":"Multisig","description":"A wallet that is a smart contract needing signatures from several keys — for example 2 of 3 — before it moves anything, so one stolen or lost key moves nothing by itself. Safe is the most widely used;","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#eip-7702","title":"EIP-7702","description":"An Ethereum change from the 2025 upgrade that lets an ordinary address hand its control to a smart contract with one signature. Thieves use it: a “smart account upgrade” request can give away every to","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#compound-yield","title":"Compound Yield","description":"Yield that earns yield of its own. Inside a HEX stake, the HEX contract simulates compound yield with its always-ascending T-Share Rate.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#restake-compound","title":"Restake & Compound","description":"Ending a stake and putting the HEX that came back straight into a new one, so the yield earns alongside the principal from then on. Inside a stake, the HEX contract simulates compounding with its ever","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#true-defi-the-trust-spectrum","title":"Trust Spectrum","description":"Another name for True DeFi (the Trust Spectrum) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#true-defi-the-trust-spectrum","title":"Proprietary DeFi","description":"Another name for True DeFi (the Trust Spectrum) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#end-stake-unstaking","title":"Unstaking","description":"Another name for End Stake (Unstaking) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#late-end-stake-penalty-late-penalty","title":"Late Penalty","description":"Another name for Late End-Stake Penalty (Late Penalty) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#late-end-stake-penalty-late-penalty","title":"Late Unstake Penalty","description":"Another name for Late End-Stake Penalty (Late Penalty) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#t-share-rate-share-price","title":"T-Share Price","description":"Another name for T-Share Rate (Share Price) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#t-share-year","title":"T-Share Years","description":"Another name for T-Share Year — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#t-share-year","title":"T-Share Lifespan in Years","description":"Another name for T-Share Year — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#t-share-rate-share-price","title":"Share Rate","description":"Another name for T-Share Rate (Share Price) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#ees-early-end-stake","title":"Early End Stake","description":"Another name for EES (Early End Stake) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#ees-early-end-stake","title":"Emergency End Stake","description":"Another name for EES (Early End Stake) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#big-pay-day-bpd","title":"Big Pay Day Bonus","description":"Another name for Big Pay Day (BPD) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#full-state-copy-fork","title":"Fork (Copy)","description":"Another name for Full-State Copy (Fork) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#full-state-copy-fork","title":"Copy (Fork)","description":"Another name for Full-State Copy (Fork) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#copied-tokens-free-copies","title":"Free Copy (Airdropped Copy)","description":"Another name for Copied Tokens (Free Copies) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#sacrifice","title":"Sacrifice Phase","description":"Another name for Sacrifice — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#sacrifice","title":"Sacrifice for PulseX","description":"Another name for Sacrifice — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#rpc-remote-procedure-call","title":"PulseChain RPC","description":"Another name for RPC (Remote Procedure Call) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#oa-origin-address","title":"Origin Address","description":"Another name for OA (Origin Address) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#bitcoin-free-claim","title":"Free Claim","description":"Another name for Bitcoin Free Claim — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#maturity-date","title":"Redemption Day","description":"Another name for Maturity Date — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#maturity-date","title":"Maturity Dates","description":"Another name for Maturity Date — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#layer-2","title":"L2","description":"Another name for Layer 2 — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#rpc-remote-procedure-call","title":"RPC Endpoint","description":"Another name for RPC (Remote Procedure Call) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#rpc-failover","title":"Failover","description":"Another name for RPC Failover — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#rpc-failover","title":"RPC Rotation","description":"Another name for RPC Failover — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#consensus-algorithm","title":"Consensus","description":"Another name for Consensus Algorithm — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#communis-com","title":"COM","description":"Another name for Communis (COM) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#communis-com","title":"COM Distribution","description":"Another name for Communis (COM) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#communis-com","title":"Positive Staking Habits","description":"Another name for Communis (COM) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#communis-com","title":"Long-Term Staker Incentive","description":"Another name for Communis (COM) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#communis-com","title":"365+ Day Requirement","description":"Another name for Communis (COM) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#fair-distribution","title":"Exclusive Distribution","description":"Another name for Fair Distribution — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#staking-incentive-layer","title":"Ecosystem Alignment","description":"Another name for Staking Incentive Layer — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#erc-20-eip-20","title":"PRC-20","description":"Another name for ERC-20 (EIP-20) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#erc-721-eip-721","title":"PRC-721","description":"Another name for ERC-721 (EIP-721) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#hedron","title":"HDRN","description":"Another name for Hedron — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#non-custodial-wallet","title":"Self-Custody","description":"Another name for Non-Custodial Wallet — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#richard-heart-ecosystem","title":"Richard Heart","description":"Another name for Richard Heart Ecosystem — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#liquidity-pool","title":"LP Token","description":"Another name for Liquidity Pool — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#pulsex-v1-vs-v2-the-fee-bug","title":"PulseX Fee Bug","description":"Another name for PulseX V1 vs V2 (the Fee Bug) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#pulsex-v1-vs-v2-the-fee-bug","title":"PulseX V1","description":"Another name for PulseX V1 vs V2 (the Fee Bug) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#pulsex-v1-vs-v2-the-fee-bug","title":"PulseX V2","description":"Another name for PulseX V1 vs V2 (the Fee Bug) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#protocol-fee-skim-feeto","title":"feeTo","description":"Another name for Protocol Fee Skim (feeTo) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#composability","title":"Composable","description":"Another name for Composability — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#composability","title":"Money Legos","description":"Another name for Composability — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#authentication","title":"2FA","description":"Another name for Authentication — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#authentication","title":"Two-Factor Authentication","description":"Another name for Authentication — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#hardware-security-key-yubikey","title":"YubiKey","description":"Another name for Hardware Security Key (YubiKey) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#hardware-security-key-yubikey","title":"Security Key","description":"Another name for Hardware Security Key (YubiKey) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#wrench-attack","title":"$5 Wrench Attack","description":"Another name for Wrench Attack — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#farms-vs-vaults","title":"Farm vs Vault","description":"Another name for Farms vs Vaults — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#farms-vs-vaults","title":"Vaults vs Farms","description":"Another name for Farms vs Vaults — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#drainer-permit-phishing","title":"Wallet Drainer","description":"Another name for Drainer (Permit Phishing) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#drainer-permit-phishing","title":"Signature Phishing","description":"Another name for Drainer (Permit Phishing) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#token-approval-allowance","title":"Allowance","description":"Another name for Token Approval (Allowance) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#token-approval-allowance","title":"Unlimited Approval","description":"Another name for Token Approval (Allowance) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#token-approval-allowance","title":"Revoke (Approval)","description":"Another name for Token Approval (Allowance) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#token-import-add-token","title":"Importing Tokens","description":"Another name for Token Import (Add Token) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#wallet-cleanup-hiding-tokens","title":"Hide Tokens","description":"Another name for Wallet Cleanup (Hiding Tokens) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#wallet-cleanup-hiding-tokens","title":"Ignore Tokens","description":"Another name for Wallet Cleanup (Hiding Tokens) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#wallet-cleanup-hiding-tokens","title":"Scam Airdrop","description":"Another name for Wallet Cleanup (Hiding Tokens) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#mobile-wallet","title":"Phone Wallet","description":"Another name for Mobile Wallet — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#authority-impersonation-fake-badge","title":"Government Impersonation Scam","description":"Another name for Authority Impersonation (Fake Badge) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#crypto-inheritance-estate-plan","title":"Letter of Instruction","description":"Another name for Crypto Inheritance (Estate Plan) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#crypto-inheritance-estate-plan","title":"Inheritance Plan","description":"Another name for Crypto Inheritance (Estate Plan) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#gas-floor","title":"Dispersion Floor","description":"Another name for Gas Floor — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#gas-floor","title":"Arbitrage Floor","description":"Another name for Gas Floor — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#sybil-attack","title":"Sybil","description":"Another name for Sybil Attack — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#sybil-attack","title":"Duplicate-Amount Test","description":"Another name for Sybil Attack — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#tornado-cash","title":"Mixer","description":"Another name for Tornado Cash — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#hsi-hex-stake-instance","title":"Portable HEX Stake","description":"Another name for HSI (HEX Stake Instance) — see its glossary entry.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#buy-and-hold-zero-coupon","title":"Buy-and-hold zero-coupon","description":"Bond-desk term: the discount is your yield-to-maturity, captured by holding to redemption — documented as strategy B1, Discounted HTT Held to Redemption.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#zero-coupon-self-financing","title":"Zero-coupon self-financing","description":"Bond-desk term: issue a zero against your own assets — the discount you sell at is the borrowing cost — documented as strategy M1, HEX HELOC.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#fixed-floating-mix","title":"Fixed/floating mix","description":"Bond-desk term: splitting a book between variable-rate exposure and locked fixed-rate paper — documented as strategy C2, Fixed/Floating Split.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#issuing-into-launch-demand","title":"Issuing into launch demand","description":"Bond-desk term: selling rich paper at the primary window and letting the price correct — documented as strategy M4, Launch-Premium Sale.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#rich-cheap-relative-value-switch","title":"Rich/cheap relative-value switch","description":"Bond-desk term: sell the expensive maturity, buy the cheap one — the classic RV trade — documented as strategy T2, Curve Rotation.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#same-price-tenor-switch","title":"Same-price tenor switch","description":"Bond-desk term: equal discounts at different maturities mean the shorter one is the better zero — documented as strategy T1, Time Travel Swap.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#riding-the-rolldown-then-extending","title":"Riding the rolldown, then extending","description":"Bond-desk term: capture each bond’s pull toward par, then roll the proceeds out the curve — documented as strategy B2, HTT Roll-Up.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#convergence-arbitrage-at-par","title":"Convergence arbitrage at par","description":"Bond-desk term: buying below redemption value inside the settlement window — documented as strategy B4, Sub-Par Redemption.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#dislocation-buying","title":"Dislocation buying","description":"Bond-desk term: providing liquidity into forced selling at panic prices — documented as strategy B3, Dip Buying.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#new-issue-calendar-play","title":"New-issue calendar play","description":"Bond-desk term: positioning ahead of scheduled primary-market events — documented as strategy V2, Launch-Calendar ACTR.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/glossary#being-the-issuer","title":"Being the issuer","description":"Bond-desk term: primary issuance — you originate the paper others trade — documented as strategy C3, New-Maturity Issuer.","type":"glossary"},{"path":"/strategies#discounted-htt-held-to-redemption","title":"Strategy B1: Discounted HTT Held to Redemption","description":"The core buyer strategy: swap HEX for HTTs trading below 1:1. Every HTT redeems for exactly 1 HEX on its day, so the discount you buy at locks in a fixed return in HEX terms — a zero-coupon bond you c","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#hex-heloc","title":"Strategy M1: HEX HELOC","description":"The seller strategy: delegate an HSI and mint HTTs against its principal and accrued value, selling them for liquidity today — a reversible, self-issued loan with no middleman and, when the HTT’s day ","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#max-length-stake-with-an-htt-exit","title":"Strategy S2: Max-Length Stake with an HTT Exit","description":"Capture HEX’s Longer-Pays-Better and Bigger-Pays-Better bonuses that holders used to refuse out of lock-up fear: with HTTs as a penalty-free liquidity valve, practitioners argue the rational default b","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#htt-hex-liquidity","title":"Strategy L3: HTT/HEX Liquidity","description":"Pair HTTs with HEX in a PulseX pool and earn swap fees on capital that keeps full HEX exposure. Both sides are HEX — present and future — so divergence loss is bounded by the HTT’s discount: far tamer","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#farmed-htt-hex-liquidity","title":"Strategy L1: Farmed HTT/HEX Liquidity","description":"Deposit HTT/HEX LP tokens into Actuator’s farms and earn ACTR emissions on top of swap fees. 75% of the fixed 1B ACTR supply flows to farmers over a front-loaded three-year schedule (Oct 2024 – Oct 20","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#actr-vault","title":"Strategy V1: ACTR Vault","description":"Deposit ACTR into a per-maturity vault and receive a pro-rata share of the 1% fee charged on every mint of that series, paid in HTTs — protocol revenue share, and the income leg that outlives the thre","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#four-layer-stack","title":"Strategy C1: Four-Layer Stack","description":"The deliberate combination: a discounted-HTT or minted base position, plus HTT/HEX LP fees, plus ACTR farm emissions on the LP, plus vaulting the farmed ACTR for mint-fee HTTs. The base position and t","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#fixed-floating-split","title":"Strategy C2: Fixed/Floating Split","description":"Deliberately split exposure between variable-rate HEX (native stakes, HSIs) and fixed-rate HTTs, so a sudden payout cut can’t gut your whole yield. The HTT’s purchase discount is locked and its par re","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#native-hex-stake","title":"Strategy S1: Native HEX Stake","description":"The original contract: buy HEX, stake it for a term, earn the daily payout in proportion to your T-Shares, and end the stake on time — “the truth engine.” Everything else here builds","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#staking-ladder","title":"Strategy S3: Staking Ladder","description":"Spread stakes across several end dates so something is always coming due — flexibility without breaking one big lock.","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#amplification-loop","title":"Strategy M7: Amplification Loop","description":"The flagship advanced play: when an HTT trades rich, stake HEX, mint HTTs, sell them for HEX, and stake that too — repeating a few rounds to multiply T-Shares and total HEX locked from the same starti","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#launch-premium-sale","title":"Strategy M4: Launch-Premium Sale","description":"If an HTT ever trades at or above 1 HEX — its fair-value ceiling — stake, mint, and sell it for more HEX than you put in. Newly launched HTTs often start near 1:1 or get bid to premiums, making launch","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#curve-rotation","title":"Strategy T2: Curve Rotation","description":"Treat the HTT series as a bond yield curve and trade relative mispricings between maturities: exit the one trading rich against its fair discount, enter the one trading cheap, and collect extra future","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#time-travel-swap","title":"Strategy T1: Time Travel Swap","description":"When two maturities trade at the same (or inverted) discount, stake to the longer day, mint its HTTs, and swap them roughly 1-for-1 into the shorter-dated series — keeping the long stake’s full T-Shar","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#htt-roll-up","title":"Strategy B2: HTT Roll-Up","description":"Buy an undervalued short-dated HTT, hold as it converges toward par near redemption, then roll the proceeds into the next longer maturity at its deeper discount — compounding future-HEX claims without","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#yield-curve-rotation-rule","title":"Strategy T3: Yield-Curve Rotation Rule","description":"The data-driven meta-strategy: continuously compare where the best native-HEX yield sits — buying HTTs at each maturity, native staking, or amplified staking — using the app’s HEX Yield Curve tool, an","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#sub-par-redemption","title":"Strategy B4: Sub-Par Redemption","description":"If an HTT trades below 1:1 on or after its redemption day, buy it and immediately redeem at the contract for exactly 1 HEX each. This convergence force is why pricing near maturity is expected to be e","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#dip-buying","title":"Strategy B3: Dip Buying","description":"Exploit the tight expected HTT/HEX trading band: outsized deviations are self-correcting. Buy oversized dumps, buy unusually wide discounts and sell the tightening, or buy the forced dip when a farm’s","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#cycle-buy-back","title":"Strategy M5: Cycle Buy-Back","description":"Use HTTs as the take-profit valve across market cycles without selling staked HEX: near a perceived top, mint the maximum from long stakes and sell into strength; in the bear, buy the now-cheaper HTTs","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#accrual-minting","title":"Strategy M6: Accrual Minting","description":"A delegated stake accrues HEX rewards daily, and the extractable-HTT balance grows with it — so instead of one payout at maturity, periodically mint and sell the newly accrued HTTs as rolling income f","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#mismatched-maturity-mint","title":"Strategy M2: Mismatched-Maturity Mint","description":"Advanced extraction: mint an HTT whose redemption day differs from your stake’s end day. A shorter, richer maturity yields more proceeds but becomes a hard-deadline loan; a longer maturity carries no ","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#launch-calendar-actr","title":"Strategy V2: Launch-Calendar ACTR","description":"A timing play around each annual HTT/farm launch: new farms open at their highest APR and decay as deposits flood in, and the launch mint wave pays the new vault heavily — so accumulate ACTR ahead, pr","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#end-stake-bounty","title":"Strategy C4: End-Stake Bounty","description":"Protocol-native bounty income: when a delegated staker with HTT debt fails to end their matured stake, anyone may end it for them — and an escalating slice of the escrow — the rewards of the stake’s l","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#new-maturity-issuer","title":"Strategy C3: New-Maturity Issuer","description":"Anyone can create a brand-new HTT for any future HEX day and capture the issuer economics: set the initial pool ratio, earn LP fees as its market maker, and own effectively all of the 1% mint-fee flow","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#auction-won-hsi","title":"Strategy S4: Auction-Won HSI","description":"Cross-protocol arbitrage: HSIs sell at deep discounts on the illiquid Hedron/Icosa auction market, and Actuator gives those \"stuck\" stakes a real bid — delegate an auction-won HSI and mint HTTs to rec","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#fee-free-mint-window","title":"Strategy V4: Fee-Free Mint Window","description":"A micro-edge baked into the protocol: mints at a brand-new maturity pay no fee until someone deposits ACTR in its vault, because the 1% only flows to ACTR staked in that day’s vault — and a vault can’","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#htt-htt-liquidity","title":"Strategy L4: HTT/HTT Liquidity","description":"LP two different-maturity HTTs against each other instead of against HEX: both converge to HEX on their own dates, so the relative price is bounded — which makes tight concentrated-range positions via","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#outside-protocol-farms","title":"Strategy L6: Outside-Protocol Farms","description":"Take the same HTT or ACTR LP exposure to external PulseChain protocols — basket pools that spread one deposit across the curve, gauge-boosted pools, partner farms — for extra or alternative emissions ","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#hdrn-from-a-delegated-stake","title":"Strategy S5: HDRN from a Delegated Stake","description":"A minor add-on: HSIs delegated to Actuator can still mint Hedron tokens, so the same stake earns HTT liquidity plus HDRN — delegation forfeits nothing on the Hedron side.","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#throw-away-stake-repayment","title":"Strategy M3: Throw-Away Stake Repayment","description":"A cost-saving maneuver for stakers who must return HTTs to unencumber an HSI: if the owed HTT trades expensive in a low-depth pool, mint the needed tokens from a fresh disposable stake instead of buyi","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#minted-inventory-liquidity","title":"Strategy L2: Minted-Inventory Liquidity","description":"Mint HTTs but never sell them — pair them with your own HEX in the pool and become the market for your own paper, earning swap fees and farm ACTR on inventory conjured from your stake’s future value.","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#rolling-short-loans","title":"Strategy M8: Rolling Short Loans","description":"Treat a long HSI as a revolving credit line: when a short-dated HTT loan comes due, retire it by minting the next maturity against the same stake — rolling the debt down the curve until end-stake.","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#maturity-window-liquidity","title":"Strategy L5: Maturity-Window Liquidity","description":"Keep an LP position open through the weeks after a redemption day, when the HTT is redeemable at par, to harvest holders who sell slightly below par rather than redeem — then withdraw and redeem the a","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#vault-rotation-by-farm-calendar","title":"Strategy V5: Vault Rotation by Farm Calendar","description":"Rotate vaulted ACTR between maturities using the published three-year farm schedule as a mint-volume forecast — and do the 90-day-lock arithmetic so you are never trapped through a scheduled fee droug","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#first-vaulter","title":"Strategy V3: First Vaulter","description":"Because vault payouts are pro-rata, the first vaulter at a maturity both switches the 1% fee on and captures all of it — so a minimal ACTR position in an empty vault ahead of expected mint flow collec","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#loan-deadline-buy","title":"Strategy T5: Loan-Deadline Buy","description":"HTTs minted as loans must be bought back before their redemption day — so where circulating loan-float is large, buying that maturity’s discount ahead of the deadline positions you in front of forced,","type":"strategy"},{"path":"/strategies#farm-migration-pair","title":"Strategy T4: Farm-Migration Pair","description":"The farm schedule pre-announces forced LP migrations — a retiring maturity loses its ACTR reason to hold while the entering one must assemble LP from fresh tokens. Position the relative-value pair ahe","type":"strategy"}]